Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Key Terms for Paper 1 - English Language - Coggle Diagram
Key Terms for Paper 1 - English Language
Verbs
Auxilary
A helper verb, e.g "would" or "have", adds to another verb to give context
Dynamic
A "moving" verb, e.g "playing", "walking" etc
Modal
Possibility or permission dependent words, e.g "should" or "could"
Phrasal
e.g "get up" "sit down"
Stative
Used to indicate the state that a person might be in
E.g "I love" or "I need"
Imperative
A commanding verb, "Run to the post"
Transitive
A verb that requires an object to complete the action
Intransitive
Characterised by not requiring an object within a sentence to make sense
E.g "She Ran"
Infinitive
A verb in which the tense cannot be determined
E.g "to run" "to have homosex"
Modal auxilary
Necessity of possibility attached to a verb
Context Based Terms
Pragmatics
The context of a sentence and understanding how this context relates to a specific sentence
Deixis
Lack of context (pragmatics) in a sentence, using generalised words like "there" and "her" as a way of lacking context and understanding for the reader
Semantics / semantic field
Words that can all be placed into a singular category to create an overarching theme in a text
Anaphoric and Cataphoric referencing
Referencing things that come before and after the reference made in the text
Nouns
Concrete
A noun that can be physically touched
Common
A noun that cannot be physically touched
Collective
E.g a "swarm of bees" or a "flock of birds"
Uncountable
E.g sheep
Countable
A noun that can be pluralised
Proper
Often named people, places or objects
Abstract
Often consists of emotions, or conceptualised ideas
Lexical Cohesion
Syonym
Word that means the same thing as another word
Antonym
Opposite of a synonym
Hyponym
A word that fits into a specific category
Collocation
Two or more words that usually come together, e.g Heavy Rain NOT Strong Rain
Clauses
Main clause
Subordinate clause
Relative clause
Shows relationships between objects, often starts with "who" or "what" etc (travis scott reference)
Versions
End Focus
Embedded
Fronted
Independent clause
Clauses that make sense by themselves
Coordinate clause
Two main clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction, e.g as, and, but, so nor
Causal clause
The reason for something
Temporal clauses
Reference to a time
Concessional clause
Concedes a fact or information
Conditional
Gives a condition of something happening
Adjectives
Pre-modifying
Also known as attributive adjectives, adjective applied before the noun
Post-modifying
Also known as predicative adjective, adjective applied after the noun
Comparative
Compare one noun to another
E.g bigger, smaller etc
Superlative
E.g fastest, faster, best, worst
Phrases
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Prepositional phrase
Adverbial phrase
Adjectival phrase
Sentences
Compound-Complex
Often consists of a main clause combined with a subordinate clause, with an additional main clause
Minor
Alternatively labelled as a fragmented sentence, consists of one word only
Complex
A main clause combined with a subordinate clause
Compound
Two simple sentences joined by a conjunction or a connective
Simple
A sentence with only a noun, does not contain a conjuction or connective to another main clause
Adverbs of:
Manner
Time
Place
Frequency
Degree
Quantity
Evaluation of a verb
Visualilty
Graphology
Handwriting
Morphology
How letters and words are formed
Orthography
Conventional spelling systems
Is there one more?
Typography
How Letters are arranged
Grammatical Cohesion
Ellipsis
Form of punctuation
Conjunctions
Types of conjuctions
Coordinating
FANBOYS - For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
Correlative
Both / And, Whether / Or, Not Only / But Also
Subordinating
After, although, as, as if, as long as etc
Substitutions
Active sentences
Ollie added the lemon zest for that extra fruity flavour
Passive Sentences
The zesty and fruity cakes were added by Ollie
Pronouns
Personal
E.g "I" and "him"
Reflexive
Indicate object of a verb is the same as the subject of the sentence
Indefinite
Do not refer to any specific person or thing, e.g "someone" "anything" (deictic approach)
Demonstrative
Tend to point to something (e.g "that" or "this")
Possessive
Shows possession only when not placed before the noun
Interrogative
Used when asking a question e.g who, whose, which, what
Relative
Words which are relative or referencing something else within the sentence
Syntax
Types of lists
Syndetic list
Has one "and" or another conjunction towards the end of the list
Asyndetic list
Does not have a conjunction in it at all
Poly-syndetic list
Has a conjunction between every word (this could be "and" or another word entirely)
Syntactical parallelism
When one clause in a sentence corresponds with another so that the sentence structures correspond with each other
Anaphora
Repetition of words / phrases at the beginning of a specific clause
Epistrophe
The opposite of anaphora, has repeating words or phrases at the end of a sentence
Symploce
Combination of both anaphora and epistrophe
Hypophora
Asking a question and then answering it
Chiasmus
Reversing / inverting the order of the words of one clause in the next
Anadiplosis
Repeating the last word of one clause in the next clause as the first word