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Families and Households - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Postmodernist approaches to sociology emerged in the 1970s - Focus on the impact of globalisation + Postmodernists reject meta-narratives (big stories) such as Functionalism and Marxism, which attempt to explain society within one theory and attempt to convince people there is a rational, existing basis to society + Postmodernists also reject scientific thinking + Postmodernism provides a powerful challenge to traditional ‘modernist’ society
      - Criticisms - Evidence of the postmodern argument are exaggerated + Fail to accept that not everything is hyper-reality and that people do live in reality + Social class, gender and ethnicity still form significant parts of our identity
      - Key thinker: Giddens
        
        According to Giddens we are now at the stages of late or high modernity.
        
        A defining characteristic of modern society is that it experiences rapid change – often on a global scale. 2 key features responsible
        
        Disembedding
        
        Reflexivity
      - Key thinker: Beck
        
        Beck believes in the power of reason to create a better world. However he believes that today late modern or ‘risk’ society faces new kinds of dangers: Manufactured dangers
        Beck also sees late modernity as a time of growing individualism – reflexive modernisation – as a result risk consciousness becomes central to our culture.
    - - Liberal - Women's oppression is being gradually overcome through campaigning – Sex discrimination Act - ‘March of Progress’ – gradual progress towards equality, domestic labour studies, Young and Wilmot (Symmetrical Family). (FULL equality not yet achieved)
      - Radical - Greer 🡪 Society is patriarchal - Heterosexual relationships are ‘sleeping with the enemy’ and the only way to stop the patriarchal society is to live independently + nuclear family supports patriarchy + The family benefits men through: free domestic labour, emotional work & sex + Women are controlled in the family through domestic violence
      - General
        
        They believe that gender inequality is a social construction and not a natural phenomena.
      - Marxist - Their ideas are based upon class conflict and the role that women play in society, not about male dominated societies. Women reproduce the workforce for free. Women have a ‘triple-work’ shift - the symmetrical family is a myth + Ansley (1972) 🡪 “Women are the takers of sh*t”
    - - Reproduction
      - Emotional bonds,Regulated sex, Social order etc
      - Education - Primary, Norms and values
      - Economic - Productive workers in society,income,division of labour
      - Gender roles
        
        Chapman argues that through play children learn their gender identity – Social Construct
        
        Children learn the cultural patterns of behaviour expected of their gender from an early age; people are trained by their parents child rearing practices to conform to social expectations of how men and women should behave.
      - Parsons
        
        Warm Bath theory
        
        This theory claims that family life stabilises adult personalities.
        
        At the same time the socialisation and supervision of children gives parents a sense of stability and responsibility.
        
        Parsons viewed the family as a positive and beneficial place for all its members.
        
        Murdock/Parsons see the family through ‘rose-tinted’ glasses.
        Functionalists ignore issues such as domestic violence, neglect and Child Abuse. (The Darkside of the family)
- - - - Similarities:
        
        Patrilineal descent: Both Ik and British family structures traditionally follow patrilineal descent, meaning that lineage and inheritance are traced through the father's side.
        
        Nuclear family: Both cultures recognize the nuclear family unit, consisting of a married couple and their children, as a fundamental social unit.
        
        Role of the father: In both cultures, the father is often seen as the head of the household, responsible for providing and protecting his family.
      - Differences:
        
        Clan system: Unlike the British family structure, which is primarily individual-based, the Ik people are organized into clans. These clans play a significant role in social and economic life.
        
        Marriage customs: Marriage practices differ between the two cultures. In Ik society, marriages occur between members of different clans. In British society, marriages are typically between individuals from different families or communities.
        
        Women's roles: While women in both cultures have played important roles within the family, their specific roles and status have varied historically. In Ik society, women retain their original clan identity after marriage, while in British society, women often adopt their husband's surname.
        
        Village life: The Ik people live in small, walled villages, while British families typically reside in houses or apartments within larger urban or rural settlements.
        are traced through the father's side.
        
        Nuclear family: Both cultures recognize the nuclear family unit, consisting of a married couple and their children, as a fundamental social unit.
        
        Role of the father: In both cultures, the father is often seen as the head of the household, responsible for providing and protecting his family.
    - - Nuclear
      - Neo-Conventional
      - Extended
      - Single - Lone Parent
      - Reconstituted
      - Same Sex
      - Fostered - Adopted
      - Grandparents as Main Carers
- - - - People are living longer, leading to an ageing population. This has implications for family structures, with more multi-generational households and an increased burden on younger generations to care for the elderly
        
        Life expectancy refers to how long on average a person born is in a given year can be expected to live. Males born in England in 1900 on average live to 50, whereas this was 57 for females. Compared to males born in England 2013 can expect to live for 90.7 years and 94 for females. Over the past 2 centuries life expectancy has increased by about 2 years per decade
    - - Birth rate is the number of individuals born in a population in a given amount of time. Human birth rate is stated as the number of individuals born per year per 1000 in the population. For example if 35 births occur per year per 1000 individuals, the birth rate is 35. The number of births obviously affects population size. Sociologists use the concept of birth rate to measure births.
        
        There has been a long term decline in the number of births since 1990, in that year England and wales had a birth rate of 28.7 but had fallen to an estimated 12.2. However there had been fluctuations in births, with three “baby booms” in the 20th century.The first two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-45) as returning service men and their partners started families that they had postponed during the war years. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s after which the birth rate fell sharply during the 1970s
    - - Public services - Older people consume a large amount of services, such as health and social care. This is mostly true for those of the “old old” demographic (over 75) compared to the “young old” (65-74). In addition to increased expenditure on healthcare, the ageing population may also lead to changes in policies and provision of housing.
        
        The median age of all usual residents of England and Wales is 40 years old and was 39 in 2011 which suggests that there is an ageing population
    - - The total deaths have been steadily increasing over time by roughly 20,000 over 30 years
        
        There are multiple reasons for this, due to the significant medical improvements made over the last 30 years, which has helped increase life expectancy from 76 to 82 years in the last 30 years
    - - For those in the EU, it is easier to move between countries for work + leisure. Furthermore, Migration has caused political issues in the UK with major increases over the past 15 years. On top of this, the Rise of nationalism as a reaction to multiculturalism has increased racially motivated hate crimes in recent years
    - - New RIght
        
        The New Right support traditional family values and a traditional heterosexual nuclear family. The New Right believe that the best way to bring up children is to encourage conformity and raise them within a family made up of two natural parents and the division of instrumental and expressive gender roles
      - Feminsim
        
        Feminism in sociology is a key conflict theory that believes society is based on inequalities between men and women. It is a conflict theory, as feminists believe society is in constant conflict due to the subordination of women by men. Feminism states society is 'patriarchal'.
      - Postmodernism
        
        Postmodernism is an approach that attempts to define how society has progressed to an era beyond modernity. Within this era individuals are more likely to have a greater importance placed on science and rational thought as traditional metanarratives no longer provide a reasonable explanation for postmodern life
      - Functionalism
        
        Feminism in sociology is a key conflict theory that believes society is based on inequalities between men and women. It is a conflict theory, as feminists believe society is in constant conflict due to the subordination of women by men. Feminism states society is 'patriarchal'.