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MICROPROCESSERS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Early computers relied on vacuum tubes, and later transistors, to
        perform computation tasks.
        .
    - - Intel 4004 (1971)
        
        First commercially available microprocessor, developed by Intel.
        
        4-bit processor designed for calculators and early computing devices.
        
        Had 2,300 transistors and could perform basic arithmetic operations.
        
        Intel 8008 (1972)
        
        8-bit microprocessor, more powerful than the 4004.
        Paved the way for more advanced systems and personal computers
        
        intel 8080 (1974)
        
        8-bit microprocessor that became a key component in early personal computers, like the Altair 8800.
        Featured improved speed and a larger instruction set.
- - - - Function: The ALU is responsible for performing all the arithmetic (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication) and logical (e.g., AND, OR, NOT) operations.
    - - Function: The CU directs the operation of the processor by interpreting instructions from memory and executing them step by step.
    - - Types
        
        Function: Small, fast storage locations within the microprocessor used to hold data that is being processed or intermediate results.
        
        General-purpose registers: Temporary storage for data and addresses.
        
        Special-purpose registers: Include program counter (PC), instruction register (IR), status register, etc.
        
        Accumulator: A primary register used in arithmetic operations within the ALU.
        
        Index Registers: Used to store memory addresses, often for loops or arrays.
    - - Function: The clock generates timing signals that synchronize the operations of the microprocessor.
    - - Function: A small, high-speed memory located inside or near the microprocessor used to store frequently accessed data and instructions.
        
        Types:
        
        L1 Cache: Smallest and fastest, located directly on the processor chip.
        
        L2 Cache: Larger and slower than L1, but still faster than main memory.
        
        L3 Cache: Shared cache between cores in multi-core processors.
        
        Purpose: Reduces the time it takes to access data from main memory (RAM).
    - - Function: Microprocessors communicate with external devices (e.g., keyboard, display, storage) through I/O interfaces.
        
        Types:
        
        Serial Interfaces: Transmit data one bit at a time (e.g., UART, SPI, I2C).
        
        Parallel Interfaces: Transmit multiple bits simultaneously (e.g., GPIO).
        
        Peripheral Interface Controllers (PICs): Manage communication with external peripherals.
- - - - Utilizing quantum bits (qubits) to perform complex computations.
        Quantum speedup for problems like cryptography, simulations, and optimization.
    - - Development of microprocessors with energy-saving modes.
        Using architectures like ARM for ultra-low power applications (smartwatches, IoT).
    - - Microprocessors specifically designed to run on the edge of networks (e.g., smart devices, sensors).
        Real-time data processing and decision-making without relying on cloud computing.
    - - Custom processors like Google’s TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) or Nvidia’s GPUs, designed specifically for deep learning and neural network tasks.