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What were the changes that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to…
What were the changes that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to Modern Europe in the 1400s and the 1500s?
The Great Explorations
Caused by a search for new trade routes to Asia after to Ottoman conquests in the European southeast
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Result: Worldwide network of European colonies. Transfer of many different products, such as potatoes, corn, and green beans. The difficult work in colonies was done by black slaves from Africa
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Economic Boom
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The Atlantic nations become the economic centers of the world as opposed to the medieval Mediterranean city republics
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The social layer of knights declines due to their poor economic understanding and the new economic conditions encourage social mobility, which was impossible in the Middle Ages. The network of cities and towns creates the foundation of future nations.
Religious reformations
Arise in response to displeasure with the state of the Church that is incredibly corrupt and supports the feudal order
Martin Luther starts the movement with his 95 thesis, causing an uproar in the Catholic community - he claims that salvation is achieved through faith rather than monetary donations to the Church
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In the economically developed nations, the radical ideology of Calvinism takes roots.
In England the reformation is political: Henry VIII wishes to divorce his wife and the Catholic Church doesn't let him do so so he forms the Anglican church.
Religious wars
Response of the reformists to the refusal of Catholic monarch to acknowledge the new faith: Happens in Netherlands (rebel against Spain) . In France there is a significant divide between the protestants (Huguenots) and the Catholics.
30 year war: Fought in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Austrian Habsburgs seek to gain a dominant position in Europe. The results of the war are catastrophic: 2/3 of the German and Czech population perish as a result of military actions, famine, and disease.
1630 cities and 18000 towns are annihilated. The war ends with the series of Westphalia, which affirmed the religious freedom of protestants and shaped the political map of Europe
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