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EXAM 2 Botany - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Partially thickened
      - Lignified tracheids
      - During Devonian,
      - Increase in xylem content
      - Increase in tracheid size
      - Increase in tracheid reinforcement
    - - Water transport only (no support)
      - lignified
      - Relatively long and wide
      - Ferns
      - Tracheids + vessel elements in rhizomes of some species
      - Lycophytes
      - pit membranes
    - - Die at maturity
      - Thickened lignin walls
    - - Lignified with ornamented walls
      - Banded or pitted
      - Evolved likely once
      - Tracheophytes
      - Function in both
      - Water transport
      - Support
      - Tapered at ends
      - rather narrow
    - - Bryophytes
      - Water conducting cell
      - Apomorphic trait (similar function but different origin) to true vascular tissue
      - No lignin
    - - Function in water movement & support
      - Torus-margo pit membrane
    - - Poikilohydric
      - water content changes with the moisture in the surrounding environment
      - Equilibrate water potential through environmental source
      - Water-storage extend
      - Stayed small to reduce demand for water
      - Live in perennially wet substrates (stream sides)
      - More derived homoiohydric
    - - Angiosperms
      - Homogenous pit membrane
      - Large diameter
      - Dead at maturity
      - Open, digested end walls
  - - - Siphonostele
      - Xylem surrounded by phloem
      - Endarch
    - - Atactostele
      - No pith
      - Vascular bundles often surrounded by sclerenchyma
      - Bundle sheath
    - - Protostele
      - Most ancestral type of stem vasculature
      - Exarch
    - - Complexity increased
      - Stem diameter increased
      - Plant height increased
      - Led to compartmentalization
      - Selected for a woody habit
    - - Root and shoot have different arrangements
      - Key features to Monocots and Eudicots
      - Monocot
      - Root with pith
      - Stem without pith
      - Eudicot
      - Root without pith
      - Stem with pith
  - - - Tracheids
    - - Early vascular group
        created towering forests during Carboniferous
    - - Synapomorphy
      - All have vascular tissue
      - Cell type varies
      - Vascular architecture diverse
  - - - Arborescent
      - Monocotyledonae
    - - Lepidondrids
      - Archaeopteris
      - Extant lineages
    - - Increased competition for light selected for
      - Higher rates of transpiration
      - Likely evolved 5 times
    - - Complex plant development
      - Growth in girth
      - Produce secondary
      - Continuous circular ring growth
    - - Amount of water loss per carbon gained increased after Silurian
      - Carboniferous period greatly drained atmospheric CO2
      - Water demand is relatively high
    - - Fusiform initials
      - Ray initials
      - Periclinal division
      - Anticlinal division
    - - Based on season or environment
      - Spring to fall
      - Larger elements to smaller elements
  - - - Sieve tube & companion cell from same mother cell
      - Connected by a large quantity of plasmodesmata
      - One pore in sieve tube area branched into many on companion cell side
    - - Sieve plate
      - Area with many sieve pores
      - Usually on end wall
      - Many sieve tube elements together = sieve tube
      - Primary cell wall
      - Living protoplasts at maturity
      - Few organelles (ER)
      - Callose & callose plug
    - - ac aka Strasburger cells
      - Gymnosperms only these
      - Earlier lineages with various types including transitional = sieve elements
      - Sieve area pores narrow
      - Uniform sieve areas
      - Mostly on ends
      - Lacks sieve plate
    - - Cell wall thickened
      - Cytoplasmic clearing
      - No ribosomes
      - Callose deposited around terminal plasmodesmata
      - Nuclear break down
      - Formation of sieve plate & pores
    - - Widespread in bryophytes
      - Specialized plasmodesmata in end walls
      - Alignment along longitudinal arrays of endoplasmic microtubules*
      - Plastids
      - Mitochondria
      - ER vesicles
      - Breakdown of tonoplast
      - Mix vacuolar & cytoplasmic contents
      - Rarely some species have nuclear breakdown
      - Features common to sieve cells
- - - - veins
      - mesophyll
      - epidermis
    - - mesophyll
      - veins
      - epidermis
    - - Vascular strand connects directly to stem
      - mesophyll
      - Single vascular trace along center of blade
      - epidermis
      - microphyll
      - stomata
- - - - Evolved independently
      - Protect underlying tissues
      - Cells that slough off
      - Secrete mucilage
    - - Initiation of lateral root development
      - Just inside the endodermis
      - pluripotent
    - - quiescent center
      - behind root cap
    - - Via osmosis from hypotonic soil solution to hypertonic cells
      - delicate
      - Major absorption of water and minerals
      - short-lived
      - single celled
    - - Found only in sporophytes of vascular plants
      - functions
      - Highly differentiated multicellular axis
      - common features
    - - Outermost layers may show
      - Bound by endodermis and epidermis
      - Large storage area
    - - lateral roots
      - primary root
    - - Prevents apoplastic movement of water
      - Forces water to move through cell membranes to be filtered
      - Casparian strip
  - - - Diversity
      - No pith
      - Endodermis
      - Cortex
    - - Epidermis
      - Cortex
      - Endodermis
      - Casparian strip
      - Pericycle
      - Xylem
      - Phloem
    - - pith in center
      - endodermis
      - diversity
      - surrounded by cortex
    - - Epidermis
      - Cortex
      - Endodermis
      - Casparian strip
      - Pericycle
      - Xylem
      - Phloem
      - Pith
    - - no root cap
      - no root hairs
      - selaginella sp exp.
  - - - Upright stem, prostrate stems, downward (rootlike) stems
      - Rhynie chert, Zosterophyllophyta, Early Devonian
    - - Dichotomous rooting system
      - Lateral stigmarian rootlets
      - Lepidodendrales extinct
      - Similar to roots
      - No root cap
    - - Intact epidermis covered root tip
      - Devonian lycophyte Asteroxylon mackiei
      - Early without root hairs
      - Independent evolution
    - - anchorage
      - some with mineral uptake
      - uni-multicellular projections
      - genes
    - - Similar genes across plant taxa
      - Similar genes in shoot to root
      - Diversity of arrangement used to infer phylogeny