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CONFUCIANISM, CHRISTIANITY, SHINTOISM, HINDUISM, TAOISM, JUDAISM, BUDDHISM…
CONFUCIANISM
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FOUNDER
CONFUCIUS
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He was a Chinese philosopher, teacher and political figure.
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NOTABLE FOLLOWER
XUNZI
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a Confucian philosopher, sometimes reckoned as the third of the three great classical Confucians
MENCIUS
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was a Confucian philosopher. Often referred to as the “Second Sage” of Confucianism (meaning second in importance of Confucianism)
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SACRED TEXT, OBJECTS
SACRED TEXT
FOUR BOOKS
ANALECTS: A collection of teachings and discussions attributed to Confucius and his disciples, stressing the importance of good governance and self-cultivation.
MENCIUS: A compilation of conversations involving Mencius, who believes that all human beings are inherently good in nature.
THE GREAT LEARNING: A guide for moral self-cultivation, essential for achieving personal virtue and contributing to social harmony.
DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN: Translated in various ways, this text focuses on following the Way and acting in accordance with what is right and natural.
FIVE CLASSICS
THE BOOK OF DOCUMENTS A compilation of 58 chapters detailing significant events and the deeds of early sage-kings Yao and Shun.
THE BOOK OF ODES: Also known as the Book of Songs, it contains 305 poems, including folk songs and sacrificial hymns, believed to have been selected by Confucius.
SPRING AND AUTUMN ANNALS: The longest of the Five Classics, this historical chronicle records events in the State of Lu for annalistic purposes.
THE BOOK OF RITES: This text outlines the social norms, governmental organization, and rituals of the Zhou dynasty, forming the basis for later ritual principles in imperial China.
THE BOOK OF CHANGES: Known as the I Ching, it presents a system of divination based on the principles of yin and yang.
SACRED OBJECTS
Yu (vace): holds sacrificial wine. Zhu (jug): used for pouring libations. Gu (breaker): a breaker for communal drinks. Ding (bowl): a bowl for ritual foods.
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CHRISTIANITY
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GOD/S
Jesus Christ
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The Holy Spirit: divine presence and power that empowers believers, guides them, and reveals God's truth.
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SACRED TEXTS, OBJECTS, PLACES
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NOTABLE FOLLOWERS
Apostle Paul: key figure in spreading Christianity to non-jews; author of many new testament letters.
Mary Magdalene: witnessed the crucifixion and resurrection, "apostle to the apostles."
Apostle Peter: first leader of the Christian church, regarded as the first pope by the roman catholics.
SHINTOISM
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CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
Ancient Shinto was polytheistic, with kami found in seas, mountain, and great men. They believed in progress, creation, and judgement
Confucianism, which originated in China, reached Japan in the 5th century and expanded together with Daoism and yinyang philosophy by the 7th century
The Honolulu Academy of Arts houses a Shinto god wood sculpture from the 12th century Heian period in Japan.
SACRED TEXT, OBJECTS, PLACES
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HINDUISM
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SACRED TEXT, OBJECTS, PLACES
SACRED TEXT
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Rig Veda
provides information about the politics, economics, social practices, and religion.
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SACRED PLACES
GANGES: the holy river, believed to purify sins and grant spiritual merit.
AYODHYA: birthplace of Lord Rama, a significant religious site.
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CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
DHARMA: refers to one's duty, righteousness, and the way of living according to one's place in society and the natural order.
KARMA: law of cause and effect, where actions have consequences, shaping future experiences and lives.
SAMSARA: the cyclical nature of life, death, and rebirth, driven by karma.
MOKSHA: the ultimate goal of Hinduism, the liberation or freedom from the cycle of samsara.
BRAHMAN: posits a supreme reality or ultimate principle called Brahman, which is the source and ground of all existence.
ATMAN: refers to the individual soul or self, which is believed to be a part of Brahman.
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TAOISM
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SACRED TEXT, OBJECT, PLACES
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SACRED PLACE
MOUNTAINS: often seen as sacred places and taoist temple, embodying the power and mystery of nature.
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NOTABLE FOLLOWER
ZHUANGZI: known for his whimsical and paradoxical writings, expanded on Laozi's ideas.
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CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
DAO (THE WAY)
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is an eternal, formless, and all-encompassing life force that surrounds and sustains the universe.
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JUDAISM
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SACRED TEXT, OBJECT, PLACES
THE TANAKH
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Consist of 3 components.
TORAH (LAW): most fundamental text of Judaism transcribed by Moses, and also where the 10 commandments (mitzvot) are found. It also consists of 5 books called The Five Books of Moses.
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EXODUS: the israelites' enslavement in Egypt, the giving of Torah, and the building of the Mishkan (Tabernacle).
LEVITICUS: laws of sacrificial worship in the Mishkan, teaching of priests, and other topics like agriculture, ethics, etc.
NUMBERS: wanderings of the Israelites in the desert, census and rebellion.
DEUTERONMY: Moses' final speech, reviewing (old) laws and introducing new ones, faithfulness to God.
NEVI'IM (PROPHETS): consists of 8 books, subdivided into The Former prophets and Latter prophets.
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KETUVIM (WRTINGS): consists of religious poetry and wisdom literature--Psalms, Proverbs, and Job.
TALMUD
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MISHNAH: The oral law, codified.
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SIDDUR
this is the Jewish prayer book, containing the order of daily prayers.
OBJECTS
THE TORAH SCROLL: a handwritten copy of the Torah (the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible), it is mainly used in the ritual of Torah reading during prayers.
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SACRED PLACES
SYNAGOGUE: the primary place of worship, study, and community gatherings.
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CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION: It is centered on the belief in one God, who is of high power. This belief is expressed in the Shema, a central prayer in Judaism, which states: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is One" (Deuteronomy 6:4).
MITZVOT (COMMANDMENTS): Judaism teaches that God has given 613 mitzvot, or commandments, which are detailed in the Torah. These commandments govern all aspects of life, from worship and diet to ethical behavior and social justice.
COVENANT RELATIONSHIP: The covenant between God and the Jewish people is a central theme in Judaism. This agreement, first established with Abraham and later reaffirmed with Moses at Mount Sinai, underscores the reciprocal relationship
THE TORAH: It is believed to contain the divine word of God as revealed to Moses. The Torah serves as a guide for moral living, detailing laws and principles that shape the daily lives of Jewish people.
ETHICAL CONDUCT AND JUSTICE: Judaism places great importance on ethical behavior and social justice. Key teachings include tzedakah (charity), which emphasizes the moral obligation to assist those in need, and tikkun olam (repairing the world), which inspires Jews to work toward improving society and promoting justice.
MESSIANISM: A core belief in Judaism is the hope for the arrival of the Messiah, a leader who will bring redemption to the Jewish people and establish a just and peaceful era.
COMMUNITY AND WORSHIP: Jewish worship emphasizes both communal and personal connection with God. Communal worship is conducted in synagogues, where daily prayers, rites of passage (such as Bar and Bat Mitzvahs), and festivals are celebrated.
EDUCATION AND STUDY: Education is deeply valued in Judaism and is viewed as a lifelong pursuit. The study of sacred texts, including the Torah and Talmud, is a central practice.
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BUDDHISM
CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
DHARMA: Buddha's original teachings, encompassed in The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path
THE NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH:
- Right View
- Right Intention
- Right Speech
- Right Action
- Right Livelihood
- Right Effort
- Right Concentration
- Right Mindfulness
THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
- The Truth of Suffering
- The Truth of the Cause of Suffering
- The Truth of the End of Suffering
- The Truth of the Path leading to the End of Suffering
NIRVANA: realizing that all existing is suffering and following the Buddha's instructions on how to make existence stop.
KARMA: explain that our past actions affect us, either positively or negatively, and that our present actions will affect us in the future.
ENLIGHTMENT: the experience of true reality, an “awakening” through which one could comprehend the true nature of things.
REBIRTH: believe that when someone dies, they will be reborn again as something else. What they are reborn as depends on their actions in their previous life
FOUNDER
SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA
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born around 563 BCE in Lumbini, near the present-day of Nepal and India
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to steer him toward kingship, his father shielded him from all suffering and surrounded him with luxury.
at age 29, Siddhartha ventured outside the palace and encountered the Four Sights:
- An old man
- A sick person
- A dead body
- A wandering ascetic
NOTABLE FOLLOWERS
KING ASHOKA: a powerful Indian emperor who embraced Buddhism after a brutal war, promoting peace and spreading the teachings across Asia.
BODHIDHARMA: a Buddhist monk credited with bringing Zen Buddhism to China and inspiring martial arts at the Shaolin Monastery.
NAGARJUNA: a philosopher who developed the concept of emptiness in Mahayana Buddhism, shaping its teachings.
PADMASAMBHAVA: a Buddhist master who helped establish Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet, becoming a key figure in Tibetan Buddhism.
DALAI LAMA: the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, known for advocating peace, compassion, and the protection of Tibetan culture and human rights.
SACRED TEXT, OBJECTS, PLACES
SACRDRED TEXT
TRIPITAKA: name for the sacred texts of Buddhism which contains the Dharma or teachings of the Buddha as well as commentary and rules for monks and nuns.
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SACRED OBJECTS
BEADS MALA: A meditation necklace that has been worn by Yogis, Hindus and Buddhists for thousands of years.
- Usually consists of 9, 21, or 108 beads strung on a string; It supports you on your spiritual journey and helps you manifest your goals
BELLS: hand bells are called Ghanta symbolizes wisdom and often paired with a vajra, which symbolizes compassion.
ALMS BOWL: A round, oval-shaped eating vessel used by monastics, with a flat bottom and a narrowed opening with which they receive offerings from human and heavenly beings.
SACRED PLACES
LUMBINI GROVE: The Buddha's birthplace, located at Rupandehi, Nepal, and one of the world's most important spiritual sites and attracts Buddhist pilgrims from around the world.
BODH GAYA: Famous for being the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment under what became known as the Bodhi Tree(Tree of awakening)
SARNATH: A place located 10 kilometres north-east of Varanasi near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India. where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dhamma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna.
KUSINARA: An important and popular Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha died and attained parinirvana
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ISLAM
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FOUNDER
MUHAMMAD
He spent his entire life in what is now the country of Saudi Arabia, from his birth about 570 CE in Makkah to his death in 632 in Medina.
CORE TEACHINGS AND IDEAS
TAWHID (ONENESS OF GOD): emphasizes the belief in one, indivisible God (Allah), who is the Creator and Sustainer of the universe. This central concept is called Tawhid.
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BELIEFS IN ANGELS: Muslims believe in the existence of angels, created by God from light. They serve as messengers, carrying out God's commands.
BELIEF IN THE DAY OF JUDGEMENT: Muslims believe in the Day of Judgment, when all individuals will be resurrected and held accountable for their actions in this life.
DIVINE DECREE (QADAR): Muslims believe in God's divine will, known as Qadar, which means that everything that happens in life is part of God's plan, though humans still have free will to choose their actions.
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SACRED TEXT, OBJECTS, PLACES
SACRED TEXT
QURAN: most sacred text for the Islamic religious tradition, as it is considered the direct unedited word of God revealed to the prophet Muhammad.
SACRED OBJECTS
PRAYER BEADS: known as misbaha or tasbih, are used by Muslims to keep count of recitations during prayer and dhikr (remembrance of God).
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SACRED PLACES
MOSQUE: most common religious place for Islam. It is their place of worship. Muslims consider every mosque a holy place.
MECCA: considered to be 'The Heart of Islam', as it is Muhammad's (who is considered by Muslims as Allah's greatest prophet) birthplace (AD 570).