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W1 - Introduction Health Psychology, W2 - Research in Health, W3 - Health,…

- - - - Age related aspects of health
      - More cancer deaths for older people than young
      - Gender eg; endometreosis effects only women
    - - All bioloigcal parts of body effect
      - cells, muscles, bones etc
  - - - Doesnt define how much different aspects contribute to others
      - Not enough detail around interaction
      - Hard to know if they impact and how? treatnebt vs symptoms
      - No key measure of health outcome to determine effect of the model
    - - find that too much of psychological effect is attributed as cause
    - - most funding is in hospital based support
      - not enough funding for biopsychosocial health
      - gov doesnt fund preventative programs eg; yoga, exercise class
- - - - Feasible
      - Appropriateness
      - Meaningfulness
      - Effectiveness
  - - - something can be effective but a "weak recommendation"
      - Eg; combined radiotherapy and chemo does increase life expectancy, but most patients will opt out due to the harm vs benefits.
      - Lots of evidence for effectiveness but not recommended
      - Considered application in clinical settings
- - - - Can compare within a population
    - - No direct control over variables
      - Subject to bias of observer
      - Single cases may be misleading - not generalisable
      - Cannot determine causality
      - Correlation may mask extraneous variables
- - - - Eg; systematic review
    - - Case series with either post-test or pre-test outcomes
    - - Randomised Controlled trial
        
        Better if both blind (participant and professional)
        
        Limited for psych because both cannot be blind
    - - Comparitive study with concurrent control
      - Non- randomised, cohort study
    - - Comparative study without concurrent controls
      - Historical control study
      - Interrupted time series without a parallel control group
  - - - Risk of bias tool
        
        Bias airising from randomisation process
        
        Bias due to deviations from intended interventions
        
        Bias due to missing outcome data
        
        Bias in measurement of data
        
        Bias in selection of the reported result
- - - - age, gender, income
    - - Urban/rural
      - Housing
    - - Different models eg health belief model
      - Individual factors eg; personality
- - - - they think theyre susceptible
      - Believe in severity of condition
      - Believe condition has serious personal consequences
      - beleive benefits of the action outweigh the costs
  - - - Attitude toward the behaviour
      - subjective norm
      - Perceieved behavioural control
  - - - Stage 1 - precontemplation
      - Stage 2 - contemplation
        
        "i need to quit smoking"
      - stage 3 - preparation
        
        Ive seen my doctor and told her im going to quit - got a perscription to help stop the craving
      - stage 4 - actions
        
        actively cold turkey for a week
      - stage 5 maintenance
        
        ive been tobacco free for 6 months
  - - - Motivational phase
        
        forms intneiton to change health behaviour
        
        people must perceieve a health risk and believe that taking action will have good outcome
        
        must have confidence (self efficacy) in their ability to make the change
      - Goal pursuit
        
        volitional phase plan to change behaviour is put into place
- - - - health enhancing efforts to prevent disease or injury from occurring
      - Eg; wearing seatbelts, eating well, not smoking, health screening
    - - Actions taken to identify and treat an illness early in its occurrence
      - Eg: monitoring sympotoms, taking medications
    - - actions taken to contain damage once a disease has progressed
      - Eg; chemo, less cost effective
  - - - health habits are taken from our family
      - establishing good health habits BEFORE adolescence is important
      - certain family characterisics create cascade of risk
      - Failure to establish good health habits may increase health risks throughout life
      - Eg; family has poor diet, you will
    - - Medicine is focused on treatment rather than prevention
      - not having private insurance - can mean long waiting lists for elective surgery
      - economic forces undermine efforts of health care workers to promote preventive measures
    - - more likely to adopt health enhancing behaviours when they are prioritised by community
      - some enviornments promote health-compromising behaviours
      - most peer inspired health related risk taking is short lived before irrevesible long term occur
- - - - focuses on attaining positive outcomes or avoiding bad ones by adopting a health PROMOTING behaviour
      - More effective (usually?)
    - - focuses on negative outcome
      - Causes fear = less effective
      - Low self-efficacy thinks you cant do it
      - Good for disease though- like skin cancer, just wear sunscreen