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W1 - Introduction Health Psychology, W11 - Addiction, W2 - Research in…

- - - - Age related aspects of health
      - More cancer deaths for older people than young
      - Gender eg; endometreosis effects only women
    - - All bioloigcal parts of body effect
      - cells, muscles, bones etc
  - - - Doesnt define how much different aspects contribute to others
      - Not enough detail around interaction
      - Hard to know if they impact and how? treatnebt vs symptoms
      - No key measure of health outcome to determine effect of the model
    - - find that too much of psychological effect is attributed as cause
    - - most funding is in hospital based support
      - not enough funding for biopsychosocial health
      - gov doesnt fund preventative programs eg; yoga, exercise class
- - - - Weaken immune system
      - Damage cellular DNA
      - Interefere with endocrine system function
      - Disrupts secretion of growth hormone
      - Linked to decrease test levels/fertility in men
      - Miscarriages women
  - - - increase concentration on immediate events, reducing awareness of distant events (not look at long term conseq.)
  - - - AA, Drink Refusal training, coping/skills training, controlled drinking, see GP for treatment plan ie CBT psych
    - - Change attitudes, health messaging australia, effective when children taregetted
- - - - Certain addictions occur when brain reward circuitry malfunctions -> powerful cravings
      - Motivated by pleasure seeking rather than avoiding negative internal states
    - - Is not reabsorbed by sending neuron, remains in synapse, continues to excite neuron
      - Release may underlie addictions mechanisms
      - Causes overstimulation of nucleus accumbens (NAC)
    - - Using particular substances -> harder drug use ie; alcohol/smoking -> harder drug
      - Not much SUPPORT
      - Wanting and craving with repeated use - drug effect diminishes but you want it more even if you dont like it as much - becoming conditioned to stimuli
        
        Enviornmental factors relate to wanting/triggers
- - - - ie; everyone smokes weed so i will to
- - - - MOST successful - based on Social Learning Model
      - 3 Variable that influence initiation of smoking
        
        social pressure
        
        media information
        
        Anxiety
    - - Print/broadcast ads, no-smoking pledge drives, smoking bans
      - QUIT Line offers online chat service w health professionals
      - Categories - addiction models and combination therapy
      - CBT approaches
        
        Identify emotins, enviornment, triggers, education to control
      - Successful w adolesent = affordable, intrinsic + extrinsic motivaiton to quit throug rewards, provide social support, awareness of other resources for staying nic free
    - - High rate due to dependence, severity of withdrawl,
- - - - Unpleasant symptoms / state of shock
    - - addiction is result of efforts by the body and brain to counteract the effects of a drug to maintain an optimal homeostatic internal state
      - brain is slower than the drug
      - drives people to go back to drug
      - Can last long time
    - - progresisvley decreasing responsiveness to a freq used drug
      - neuroadaptation
- - - - Feasible
      - Appropriateness
      - Meaningfulness
      - Effectiveness
  - - - something can be effective but a "weak recommendation"
      - Eg; combined radiotherapy and chemo does increase life expectancy, but most patients will opt out due to the harm vs benefits.
      - Lots of evidence for effectiveness but not recommended
      - Considered application in clinical settings
- - - - Can compare within a population
    - - No direct control over variables
      - Subject to bias of observer
      - Single cases may be misleading - not generalisable
      - Cannot determine causality
      - Correlation may mask extraneous variables
- - - - Eg; systematic review
    - - Case series with either post-test or pre-test outcomes
    - - Randomised Controlled trial
        
        Better if both blind (participant and professional)
        
        Limited for psych because both cannot be blind
    - - Comparitive study with concurrent control
      - Non- randomised, cohort study
    - - Comparative study without concurrent controls
      - Historical control study
      - Interrupted time series without a parallel control group
  - - - Risk of bias tool
        
        Bias airising from randomisation process
        
        Bias due to deviations from intended interventions
        
        Bias due to missing outcome data
        
        Bias in measurement of data
        
        Bias in selection of the reported result
- - - - Aspirn, ibuprofen
    - - chemical reponsible for localised pain and inflammation - causes free nerv ending to become more sensitised
- - - - enhance patients self efficacy/sense of contorl over pain pain
      - identify cognitive errors - catastrophising, overgeneralising, self-blame, dwelling on pain
      - Cognitive distraction
        
        Diverts attention from painful stimulus
      - Exercise
        
        Apps promote - movement games, multimodal feedback
      - Sensory focus/Mindfulness
        
        Helpful with burns, anxiety, child birth, dental procedures
        
        Acceptance, Commitment, Therapy ACT
        
        aceeptance of pain = lower pain intensity
      - Guided Imagery
        
        Self hypnosis focused concentration
        
        Best for low to mild pain
        
        Used as supplement
      - Reshaping pain behaviour
        
        behavioural interventions - identifying events (stimuli) that preced pain behaviours (response) as well as conseq (reinforcers)
        
        Treatment focuses on altering contingencies between responses and reinforcers
      - ADAPT program
        
        Group therapy run by mutldisciplinary team - uses CBT
      - Meditation/mindfulness
        
        works best w chronic pain - helps but doesnt cure
      - Religious/spiritual
- - - - age, gender, income
    - - Urban/rural
      - Housing
    - - Different models eg health belief model
      - Individual factors eg; personality
- - - - they think theyre susceptible
      - Believe in severity of condition
      - Believe condition has serious personal consequences
      - beleive benefits of the action outweigh the costs
  - - - Attitude toward the behaviour
      - subjective norm
      - Perceieved behavioural control
  - - - Stage 1 - precontemplation
        
        havent started
      - Stage 2 - contemplation
        
        "i need to quit smoking"
      - stage 3 - preparation
        
        Ive seen my doctor and told her im going to quit - got a perscription to help stop the craving
      - stage 4 - actions
        
        actively cold turkey for a week
      - stage 5 maintenance
        
        ive been tobacco free for 6 months
  - - - Motivational phase
        
        forms intneiton to change health behaviour
        
        people must perceieve a health risk and believe that taking action will have good outcome
        
        must have confidence (self efficacy) in their ability to make the change
      - Goal pursuit
        
        volitional phase plan to change behaviour is put into place
- - - - health enhancing efforts to prevent disease or injury from occurring
      - Eg; wearing seatbelts, eating well, not smoking, health screening
    - - Actions taken to identify and treat an illness early in its occurrence
      - Eg: monitoring sympotoms, taking medications
    - - actions taken to contain damage once a disease has progressed
      - Eg; chemo, less cost effective
  - - - health habits are taken from our family
      - establishing good health habits BEFORE adolescence is important
      - certain family characterisics create cascade of risk
      - Failure to establish good health habits may increase health risks throughout life
      - Eg; family has poor diet, you will
    - - Medicine is focused on treatment rather than prevention
      - not having private insurance - can mean long waiting lists for elective surgery
      - economic forces undermine efforts of health care workers to promote preventive measures
    - - more likely to adopt health enhancing behaviours when they are prioritised by community
      - some enviornments promote health-compromising behaviours
      - most peer inspired health related risk taking is short lived before irrevesible long term occur
- - - - focuses on attaining positive outcomes or avoiding bad ones by adopting a health PROMOTING behaviour
      - More effective (usually?)
    - - focuses on negative outcome
      - Causes fear = less effective
      - Low self-efficacy thinks you cant do it
      - Good for disease though- like skin cancer, just wear sunscreen
- - - - reduced feelings of hunger following aerobic exercise
    - - ncrease physical strength, bone density, osteoperosis
      - cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, metaolic syndrome
    - - Improved mood and wellbeing
      - Buffer against stress, anxeity depression
      - Better cog function
    - - Increased activity in prefrontal cortex
        
        Emotional regulation, planning
        
        Enhance childrens cognitive dev -> increase activity for children
    - - Not confident
        
        Self perpetuating
      - Low self efficacy
      - Attitudes - see as relaxing vs chore
      - Work = sit, harder to organise a time to exercise
        
        Sedentry lifestyle v constructino worker
      - Lack resourcs ie no gym membership
      - SES - safety, low air quality, pollution, lack of green space, unsafe neighbourhoods
  - - - Address motivations/abilities
    - - consider availability of gym; hours open; how busy students are etc
    - - Smartphones - promote wellebing
      - Small decrease in sedentry behaviours
      - Apple watch - 10,000 steps per day
    - - increase awaeness + encourage engagement in exercise
    - - State run - $100 per child by government for kids to exercise/play sport
    - - Exercise addiction
        
        Tolerance and avoidance of exercise withdrawal
      - Compuslive exercises - functions to avoid negative affect ie guilt anxiety
      - Death
      - Accident
      - RIght now no 'seeling affect' ie we dont know when exercise stops being helpful and starts being harmful
    - - over half of indigenous people in remote place of australia do very little exercise
        
        Not sure what will increase that - gap in knowledge
    - - help athletes use psychological principles to achieve optimal health and improve performance
      - understand how participation in sport affects individs psych dev, health and wellebing throughout lifespan
- - - - Melatonin (Fatemeh et al., 2021)
        
        Help reset body clock
        
        Can be used for insomnia
        
        Reduce time taken to fall asleep
        
        Treat delayed sleep time syndrome
        
        Disturbance to circadian rhythm
        
        Jetlag - temporary
        
        Shift-work disorder ie; night shift helps
      - Benzodiazepenes
        
        Can be used short term
        
        Withdrawals = bad
      - Anti-depressnts
    - - CBTi
        
        Insomnia helpful #
        
        Targets underlying insomnia causes
        
        Ie; target behaviuors like staying up late to play video games
        
        Change perceptions of sleep - ie catastrophising
        
        Worry about function tomorrow if i cant fall asleep quickly
        
        Approaches
        
        psychoeducation
        
        stimulus control therapye
        
        goal = reduce anxiety/conditioned arousal they feel when going to bed
        
        Set of intructions to reastblish associations with bed
        
        establishing a wind down routine
        
        consistent rise/time
        
        Mroning walk/make bed
        
        Cognitive therapy
        
        Plan, predict, record outcome
        
        Patient records themselves
        
        Sleep hygene
        
        Set of habits establishing good envrionment
        
        creating sleep-conductive environmentr
        
        remove blue light/electronics from bedroom
        
        Suppress melatonin secretion = bad and disriupt circdian rhythm
        
        Avoid big meals/caffeine
        
        Adreneline before bed = bad
        
        Alcohol = fragmented sleep
        
        Exercise too close to bedtime = bad
        
        Sleep diary to track sleep habits, duration, quality, times woken up
        
        Sleep restriction
        
        only stay in bed for amount determined by sleep diary regardless of how much sleep you actually got
        
        progresivsly increase over time
        
        increases sleep pressure
        
        Even if you got 1hr MUST stick to routine
        
        forces homeostatic pressure in body to force sleep later on
        
        Consider light exposre, enviornment, excersie
        
        Multimodal lifestyle intervention
        
        bright light + physical activity + sleep hygeine education = better subjective sleep quality
      - Mindfulness
        
        Improve quality (Rusche et al., 2019)
    - - EMG provides info about muscular activtiy
      - EMG refers to the recording and measurement of muscles electrical activity using electrodes
      - May help ppl recognise both when they are having a exaggerated physical stress repsonse + to what they are responding
      - helps people control their response to specific things and promote better sleep
  - - - maladaptive behaviours = long time in bed, eating, surfing web, drinking alcohol, watching tv