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Respiratory System Lydiann Guzman Per.5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
        
        movement of air into and out of lungs
      - external respiration
        
        exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
    - - transport
        
        of O2 and CO2 in blood
      - internal respiration
        
        exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
- - - - air passageways connecting trachea with alvealoi, cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
  - - - paired composite organs that flank mediastinum in thorax. composed primarily of alveoli and respiratory passageways. stroma is elastic connective tissue, allowing lungs to recoil passively during expiration
        
        house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
    - - microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree. walls of simple squamous epithelium overlie thin basement membrane. external surfaces are intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries; special alveolar cells produce surfactant
        
        main sites of gas exchange; surfactant reduces surface tension; helps prevent lung collapse
  - - - air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
  - - - contacts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. creates negative pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs; relaxes and moves back to its dome shaped, decreasing the thoracic volume. this increases pressure and pushes air out of the lungs; assist in explsive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and defecation) by increasing abdominal pressure; helps in speech production by regulating airflow
  - - - air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; voice production
- - - - active process involving inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
        
        as thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
        
        requires muscle contraction; diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly, increasing thoracic volume; external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the rib cage up and out; thoracuc volume increases
        
        intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure decreases further, maintaining a negative pressure
        
        air flows into the lungs due to the pressure gradient; requires additional muscles (acalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor) for deepinr breathing
  - - - does not require muscle contraction; inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) relax; lungs recoil due to elasticity; thoracic volume decreases
        
        intrapulmonary pressure increases, becoming greater than atmospheric pressure; air pushed out of the lungs due to this pressure difference
        
        active process using internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles (oblique and transverse abdominals) to force air out during vigorous breathing or conditions like obstructive lung disease
- - - - amount of air moved into and out of lungs with each breath; averages ~500ml
    - - amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
    - - amount of air that can be forcible expelled from lungs (1000-1200 ml)
    - - amount of air that always remains in lungs; needed to keep alveoli open
  - - - sum of TV + IRV + ERV
        
        maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
    - - sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV + ERV + RV)
        
        maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
    - - sum of RV + ERV
        
        volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
    - - sum of TV + IRV
        
        maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
- - - - capillary gas exchange in body tissues
        
        occurs at tissue level, where oxygen is delivered from the blood to body cells, and corbon dioxide is picked up from the cells to be transported back to the lungs
  - - - involves the exchange of O2 and CO 2 across respiratory membranes
        
        partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
        
        steep partial pressure gradient for O2 exists between blood and lungs; venous blood Po2 = 40 mm Hg; alveolar Po2 = 104 mm Hg
        
        drives oxygen flow into blood; equilibrium is reached across respiratory membrane in ~0.25 seconds, but it takes red blood cell ~0.75 seconds to travel from start to end of pulmonary capillary; ensures adequate oxygenation even if blood flow increases 3x
        
        occurs in the lungs and involves the exchange of oxygen (O2) and corbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and blood. oxygen moves into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves out into the lungs to be exhaled
- - - - lighten skull; may also warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
  - - - facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
        
        oropharynx
        
        passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
        
        palatine tonsils
        
        located in lateral walls of fauces
        
        lingual tonsil
        
        located on posterior surface of tongue
        
        laryngopharynx
        
        passageway for food and air
        
        posterior to upright epiglottis; extends to laryns, where it is continuous with esophagus
        
        nasopharynx
        
        air passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
        
        soft polate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing; pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located on posterior wall
  - - - produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
- - - - 1) Lungs' natural tendency to recoil
        
        because of elasticity, lungs always try to assume smallest size
      - 2) surface tension of alveolar fluid
        
        surface tension pulls on alveoli to try to reduce alveolar size
- - - - as result, air is not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching lungs; when chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep may be disturbed
        
        tonsillectomy: surgery to remove it
  - - - results in changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness; in severe cases, speaking is limited to a whisper
        
        laryngitis is most often caused by viral infections may also be due to overuse of the voucem very dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on the vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals
  - - - inflamed Pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath; pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid, which may exert pressure on lungs, hindering breathing
  - - - can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura; treated by removing air with chest tubes; when pleurae heal, lung reinflates
- - - - provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs