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Molecular Genetics, Nucleotides have..., DNA wraps around histones to form…
Molecular Genetics
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA)
Contains genetic information
Made from two
anti-parallel
strands, bonded together in a
double helix
shape
Each strand is made of many
nucleotides
Deoxyribose sugar
Phospate group
Nitrogenous Base
Adenine + Thymine Cytosine + Guanine
the strands are held together by
complementary base pairing
, with
hydrogen bonds
between A/C and T/G
(Ratio of A:T and C:G must be 1:1)
DNA
: a type of molecule (just like how carbohydrates, proteins and fats are types of molecules.
Gene
: a part of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide
along DNA molecule can consist of many genes along it
Allele
: a version of a gene found at the same spot on a pair of homologous chromosome
usually have slight differences in nucleotide, but are otherwise very similar
Genetic engineering
The technique used to transfer genes from one organism to another.
The transferred gene can be expressed in the recipient organism (gives the recipient organism a new trait)
Eg. Scientists can transfer the insulin gene from humans into bacteria, and the bacteria will start making human insulin (which is used for diabetes treatment).
Requires a
vector
Vector
A vehicle that carries the gene into the recipient gene
A commonly used vector is
plasmid
(circular piece DNA found in bacteria)
can be very short or very long
Chromatin
: the form of DNA found in the nucleus, where DNA is loosely-packed and coiled around proteins
Chromosome
: a very long, tightly packed DNA molecule that consists of many genes
the number of chromosomes is species-specific (e.g., 46 in humans)
Transcription
: the process where the genetic information in DNA is copied to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to create proteins.
DNA is in the nucleus. DNA is too big and important to leave the nucleus. Since DNA can't leave the nucleus, it gets transcribed into mRNA, which is a smaller, temporary copy of the gene's information. This mRNA can leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome (in the cytoplasm), where proteins are made.
Codon = 3 groups of nucleotide
Each codon determines an amino acid in the polypeptide
(The order of codons in DNA determine the order of amino acids, which then determines what kind of polypeptide is formed)
Translation
: the process where the mRNA created during transcription is used as a template to create a sequence of amino acids to form polypeptides.
After transcription, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. The ribosome is where amino acids are transcribed into polypeptides based on the mRNA's code. When polypeptides are released, they fold into proteins.
Nucleotides have...
DNA wraps around
histones
to form chromatin
During
cell division
, chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
why?
why?
why?
how?