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Neurociencia de la política :<3:, Introduction to social neuroscience,…

- - - - Función :<3:
        
        Recibir y enviar info.
        
        Proceso constante :<3:
        
        Info = impulso eléctrico
      - Composición
        
        Axón :<3:
        
        Dendritas :<3:
        
        Núcleo :<3:
      - Membrana hidrofobica
        
        Separa dos partes
        
        Interna (-)
        
        Proteinas :<3:
        
        Externa (+)
        
        Connected by channels
        
        K+
        
        Canales abiertos :<3:
        
        Na+
        
        Canales cerrados
        
        1 more item...
      - Mielina
        
        Función
        
        Aislar algunas partes del axón :<3:
        
        Más rapidez :<3:
    - - Donde se encuentran?
        
        Alrededor del axón
        
        Al termino de los dendritas
      - Proceso de trasmisión
        
        Eléctrica
        
        Si los botones sinapticos son adyacentes
        
        Electro químico
        
        2) El voltaje interno sube hasta llegar al umbral
        
        3) Los canales Ca+ se abren
        
        4) Mucho Ca+ ingresa
        
        5) El voltaje sube hasta llegar a uno spike positivo
        
        6) El voltaje baja hasta menos del nivel inicial
        
        7) Los canales K+ y otros suben el voltaje hasta el nivel inicial
        
        1) Llegan el potencial de accion en un lugar interno del axón :<3:
        
        3) Son absorbidos por receptores a través de canales Na+ :<3:
        
        Ca binds to neurotransmittors and travels to the synaptic cleft
  - - - Planos
        
        Horizontal
        
        Frontal
        
        Sagital
        
        Dos perspectivas
        
        Lateral (externa)
        
        Medial (interna)
      - Partes
        
        Superior = dorsal
        
        Inferior = ventral
    - - Lóbulos
        
        Frontal
        
        "Fronte"
        
        Parietal
        
        "Parete"
        
        Somatosensory cortex :<3:
        
        Occipital
        
        Temporal
        
        "Tempie"
      - Cisuras
        
        De Rolando
        
        Giro precentral
        
        Giro postcentral
        
        De Silvio
      - Giros
        
        Superior
        
        Medio
        
        Inferior
      - Sistema limbico
        
        Partes
        
        Corteza cingulada
        
        Brings the emotional component to the decision making process
        
        Amígdala
        
        Tálamo
        
        Hipocampo
        
        Aprendizaje conciente
        
        Hipocampo izquierdo
        
        Verbal
        
        Hipocampo derecho
        
        Viso-spaziale
        
        Funciones
        
        Sentido se si mismo
        
        Emociones
      - Cortexes
        
        Paleocortex
        
        3 estratos
        
        Neocortex
        
        6 estratos
      - Hemisphere
        
        Left
        
        Right part of the body
        
        Right
        
        Left part of the body
    - - 3 capas de texido externo
      - Función
        
        Protección del cerebro
        
        Liquor
    - - Amígdala
      - Mentalizacion
      - Empatia
      - "Specchio-simulazione"
    - - Conectividad estructural
        
        Entre células
      - Functional conection
      - Synaptic conection
    - - Sustancia griz
        
        Cortex
        
        Nuclei
        
        No myelin
      - White matter
        
        Axons
        
        Dentrites
    - - Separeted from the brain
      - Here start the nerves that end u in the organs
- - - - Corteza
        
        Tres tipos en base al numero de capas
        
        Neocortex (6)
        
        Paleoxcortex (3)
        
        Parte exterior del tejido cerebral
      - Núcleos
    - - Axones
      - Dendritas
      - Función
        
        Permite la comunicación entre las partes del cerebro
  - - - Rewards
    - - Mood regulation
      - Aggressivenes control
  - - - Bonding
      - In-group
      - Empathy
    - - Stress
    - - Aggressiveness
      - Dominance
- - - - Segundo nivel
        
        Determinismo no aditivo :<3:
      - Tercer nivel
        
        Determinismo recíproco :<3:
      - Primer nivel
        
        Determinismo múltiplo :<3:
    - - Observación comportamental :<3:
        
        Isolation pardigms :<3:
        
        Second person paradigms :<3:
      - Manipolacion experimental :<3:
        
        Encuestas
        
        Experimentos
        
        Entorno virtual
      - Neuroimagenes
        
        Funcionales :<3:
        
        fMRI
        
        Risonanza magnetica
        
        PET
        
        Tomografia a Emissione di Positroni
        
        Estructurales :<3:
        
        TAC
        
        Tomografia Assiale Commputerizzata
        
        Resonancia magnética estructural
        
        Correlation and not causation
      - Medidas fisiologicas :<3:
        
        EEG :<3:
        
        Analisis de la actividad electrica del cerebro
        
        Espontánea
        
        En respuesta a estimulos externos :<3:
        
        High temporal resolution
        
        Low spatial resolution
        
        TMS :<3:
        
        Interferir en la actividad cerebral a través de estimulos magneticos externos :<3:
        
        MEG
        
        Magnetic activity recording
      - Autopsia
      - What are you looking for?
        
        Correlation
        
        Brain regions that activate when a specific activity is done
        
        Causation
        
        Changes in the neural activity when a certain area is activated/desactivated
- - - - Definición: la repetición de la activación de diferentes neuronas hace que después de un rato, a la activación de una se activen todas las otras al mismo tiempo
      - Corto plazo
        
        Aumenta temporaneamente el numero de receptores y neurotrasmisores
        
        El aprendimiento se hace y deshace rapidamente
      - Largo plazo
        
        Se crean sinapsis
        
        Aprendimiento estable y duraturo
        
        Se logra a través de repetición
  - - - Positive
      - Negative
  - - - Estos, para obtener la licencia, tuvieron que aprender la topografía de la ciudad
      - Compararon sus hipocampos derechos con los de los conductores de autobuses
      - Vieron que había una zona mas amplia del hipocampo dx se activaba cuando tenían que hacer la misma tarea
    - - 3 grupos (similares)
        
        Uno no hizo un carajo
        
        Uno entrenó la memoria
        
        Otro entrenó la compasión
      - Midieron el nivel de compasión antes y después de los entrenamientos
        
        Vieron que en el grupo que se entrenó aumentó
        
        Como?
        
        Autoevaluaciones del nivel de empatia, emociones negativas y positivas después de ver videos
    - - Los violinistas trabajan más con un brazo que con otro
      - Vieron que las zonas del cerebro encargadas de los artos se desarrollaron de manera diferente
  - - - The areas near the ones of the disappeared limb replace them
      - Plasticity
- - - - Efferent :<3:
      - Afferent :<3:
  - - - Took a picture of a subject's face
      - Modified it in two aspects: dominance and trustworthiness
      - Noticed that the more dominant faces provocked fear and the more trustworthy activated the rewward system
    - - The subjects were presented faces of political candidates that they didn't know
      - They asked them to evaluate their trustworthiness
      - Trustworthiness was correlated with electoral victory
- - - - Communicative
      - Emotional
- - - - Hard to control
      - Hard to manipulate
  - - - Our gaze direction is conditioned by the one of our interlocuoìtor
        
        Even more is he's a leader
    - - 4 italian politicians selected
        
        From left to right
      - Right-wing voters were more conditioned by the politician's gaze
  - - - Sincronicity of movement
      - Congruent positioning
    - - Makes lying harder
- - - - Utilidad futura
      - Prospect theory
        
        The subjective probability is different from the objective one
        
        We use euristics
        
        We don't always choose rationaly
- - - - Learning through imitation
      - Social cohesion
      - Habitus transmision
    - - Normative
        
        We want to be accepted
      - Informative
        
        We want to be right
  - - - Acts
      - Attitudes
        
        Emotionals
        
        Wide and long-term effects
  - - - Previously-elaborated response to a group or its members
      - Network
        
        Amygdala
        
        Visceral, emotional and immediate response
        
        Orbitofrontal cortex
        
        Response inhibition
        
        Complex evaluation
        
        Striatum
        
        Reward
        
        Deep
        
        Harder to manipulate
    - - Oversemplified representation of a group or its members
      - Network
        
        Superficial
        
        Uses episodic memories
        
        Uses social knowledge
        
        Its activation depends on the objective :<3:
        
        PFC
        
        Control and inhibition
    - - El ser humano estuvo amenazado por gran parte de su historia
      - He developed a behavioral framework to prevent infection
      - This framework is based on distrust towards everything new
      - This framework causes problems in modern society
- - - - Ideology
        
        Definition: believes on ho society should work and how to accomplish that
        
        Concious
        
        Everybody has it
        
        Methodological problems in the determination of the subject's ideology
        
        Use of the big five
        
        Types
        
        Liberal
        
        Alta tolerancia
        
        Creatividad
        
        Novedad
        
        Conservative
        
        Estabilidad
        
        Tradition
        
        Organization
        
        Baja tolerancia
        
        Democrats
        
        Talk about "I"
        
        Emotions
        
        Republicans
        
        Religion
        
        Ingroup
        
        Tank about enemies and victories
        
        fMRI studies
        
        Amygdala
        
        Anterior insula
        
        PFC: organization
    - - On correlation between sensibility to disgust and political inclination
        
        Variables control
        
        Culture
        
        Personality
        
        Results
        
        Conservatives are more sensible to disgust
      - On attitudes toward foreigners
        
        Resultado
        
        Son influenciadas por el asco interpersonal
        
        Deshumanization
        
        Social dominance
        
        Authoritarism
        
        Causation
- - - - Estructura neuronal
        
        Esto permite estudios que no se pueden hacer con seres humanos
      - Sustancias neuroquimicas
    - - Izquierdo
        
        Elabora informaciones y crea historias coherentes
        
        Estas muchas veces son falsas
      - Right
    - - Esto quiere decir (?) que es influenciado mayormente por factores ambientales
      - Desarrollo de funciones en orden cronologico
        
        Sistema motorio y sensorial
        
        Funciones cognitivas
        
        Control del comportamiento y de la conducta social
  - - - Un organismo actúa de manera altruista o de despecho si el producto del beneficio obtenido (B) y la relación de cercanía familiar (r) supera el costo (C)
    - - A lo largo de múltiples generaciones
      - A lo largo de una vida
        
        Ej. langosta del desierto
      - They made the primates' brain big
  - - - Neuroanatomía
    - - Social
        
        Cerebro como móvil y no como computadora :<3:
      - Comportamental
      - Cognitiva
        
        Brain like pc
- - - - Different quantity of white matter in certain regions
      - Reduced activation of the reward system when a stranger is seen
- - - - Emotional alignment
      - Cognitive
      - Understanding the needs of the other
    - - To imagine and understand the mental state and behavior of another person
      - Models-perspectives
        
        Egocentric
        
        The other thinks like me
        
        Simulation
        
        Analyze the behavior and infer the thinking
        
        Mirror-neurons make this theory plausible
        
        Cause they activate both when the action is seen and done. This facilitates the simulation process
        
        Theory of the mind
        
        You use info of the other and infer
        
        Slow process
  - - - Experts throw the ball on one side of the court or the other
      - They established the direction beforehand or in the last moment
      - Players of different leves had to guess where the ball was going
      - The best players guessed more often when the direction was chosen in the last moment
      - There was an activation of mirror neurons
  - - - I understand that A leads to B after seeing it a bunch of times
    - - I keep doing A because the product B is favorable
    - - Verbal
        
        Only found in humans
        
        General stuff
      - Imitation
        
        Method
      - Observation
        
        Result
      - Following instructions
        
        Specific things to do
- - - - Express emociones universales
- - - - Gaze direction
        
        Factor in the communication of sexual atraction
  - - - Spinal column
      - Quick, heuristic response
      - They communicate
        
        Directly
        
        Indirectly
      - Ex. halo effect
    - - Neocortex
      - Slow and thoughtful response :<3:
  - - - Aggressivenes
- - - - Human groups are heavily based on culture
  - - - Types
        
        Direct
        
        I help you and you immediatly help me
        
        Indirect
        
        I help you and another person will help me
        
        Network based
        
        Me uno a un grupo de personas que se ayudan
  - - - If there is no cooperation the group loses the competition
  - - - On the effects of collocation in a group
        
        More resources are allocated to he ingroup
        
        The outgroup are seen as more different and dangerous
        
        Less empathy for the outgroup
        
        More positive opinion of the ingroup
  - - - Recoleccion
        
        Insula
      - Uso
        
        PFC and ACC
  - - - Humans have a unique tendency to form social norms
      - They apply them with sanction
      - Fairness matters
- - - - Ash's experiment
        
        8 guys observe a line
        
        Then they have to choose which one is it in a group of 3
        
        The subject often conforms to the popular opinion even thou it's false
    - - Reduccion probabilidad error
  - - - Milgram
        
        The subject had to hurt another guy when he got the wrong answer
        
        2/3 did it
        
        Increasing levels of pain
    - - Societies need order
      - Order requieres hierarchy
      - Hierarchy requiers leader
        
        Chosen on the basis of
        
        Intimidacion/Coercion
        
        Competency
      - Leader requieres obedience
  - - - Central, simple and fast
        
        Heuristics and less durable changes
      - Peripheral, slow
      - Parallel to the two ways of the CNS
    - - Study on smokers
        
        They predicted who would quit
        
        Personalized persuasive messages
- - - - Neurochemistry
        
        Study of the substances that regulate communication in the CNS
      - Neuropsicoanalysis
      - Neuroeconomy
        
        Neurocientific tools that help the study of the decision-making process
        
        Effects
        
        Temporal discounting
        
        The perceived value of an object diminishes with the passage of time
        
        Social discounting
        
        The reard for someone close is prefered than the one for someone distant socially
      - Neuroaestethic
        
        Answering two questions neuroscientifically
        
        Why do some artistic compositions elicit emotions?
        
        What goes on in the artist's mind while he does them?
      - Neuroethics
        
        Ethics of neurosciences
        
        Ex. fMRI and privacy
        
        Neurosciences of ethic
      - Neurolaw
        
        Understanding the efficacy on punishments
        
        Finding out is someone is guilty
        
        Ex. he could be mentally ill
        
        Choosing punishments
      - Neuropolitics
        
        Study of neural processes duuring political situations
        
        Ex. gazes
  - - - Physicalism
        
        The brain generates the mind
      - Dualism
        
        They are separated
      - Neurocientific
        
        The brain generates conciousness, but the subjective experience is still a mistery
        
        Why can't the neurocience expain it?
        
        Cause there is a wide gap between neural activity and thoughts