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Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Functions - Coggle Diagram
Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Functions
Adrenal Disorders
Clinical Menifestations
Cushing's Syndrome
Moon face, buffalo hump, abdominal obesity, skin changes
Addison’s Disease
Fatigue, muscle weakness, hypotension, hyperpigmentation
Treatments
Hormone replacement (corticosteroids), Surgery (e.g., adrenalectomy for tumors) and ketoconazole for Cushing's
Diagnosis
Cortisol levels (serum and urine), ACTH stimulation test and Imaging (CT, MRI)
Endocrine Diorders
Dignosis
Blood tests: TSH, T3, T4 levels, Imaging of the thyroid (e.g., ultrasound) and Physical exam (e.g., goiter, tremors)
Treatments
Antithyroid drugs, thyroid hormone replacement therapy, thyroidectomy or iodine therapy
Clinical Menifestations
Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism; Weight changes (gain or loss), fatigue; heat/cold intolerance
Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnosis
Fasting blood glucose levels, Oral glucose tolerance test, and HbA1c
Clinical Menifestions
Increased thirst (polydipsia), Frequent urination (polyuria), Unexplained weight loss or gain and Fatigue
Treatments
Insulin therapy, Oral hypoglycemic agents and Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
Growth Hormone Disorder
Diagnosis
Serum growth hormone levels,
IGF-1 levels
MRI of the pituitary gland
Treatments
Surgery (removal of pituitary tumors),
Hormonal therapy (somatostatin analogs, GH antagonists)
Radiation therapy for persistent tumors
Clinical manifestations
Gigantism (excessive growth in children);
Acromegaly (enlarged hands, feet, and facial features in adults);
Dwarfism (short stature)
Reproductive Disorder
Diagnosis
Hormonal levels (e.g., LH, FSH, testosterone),
Ultrasound for ovarian cysts (PCOS),
Pelvic exams
Treatments
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT),
Fertility treatments (e.g., Clomid for ovulation induction),
Lifestyle changes (e.g., weight management)
Clinical menifestations
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, obesity,
Hypogonadism: Decreased libido, infertility, hot flashes
Menopause: Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, mood changes
Thyroid Disorders
Diagnosis
Thyroid antibodies (for autoimmune causes like Hashimoto’s)
TSH, T3, and T4 levels,
Ultrasound of the thyroid
Clinical menifestations
Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, tremors, heat intolerance, palpitations,
Hypothyroidism: Weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin
Treatments
Antithyroid medications (e.g., methimazole),
Levothyroxine (for hypothyroidism),
Radioactive iodine or surgery for hyperthyroidism