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Concept Map: Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Hypersecretion of Hormones
• Clinical Manifestations:
│ – Examples: Weight loss, anxiety, tachycardia in hyperthyroidism; central obesity, hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome.
Diagnostic Criteria:
│ – Elevated hormone levels (e.g., high thyroid hormones or cortisol), gland enlargement on imaging, suppressed feedback markers.
• Treatment Modalities:
│ – Medications to reduce hormone synthesis, surgical removal of the overactive gland, or targeted radiotherapy.
Hyposecretion of Hormones
Clinical Manifestations:
│ – Examples: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance in hypothyroidism; hypotension, weakness in adrenal insufficiency.
Diagnostic Criteria:
│ – Low hormone levels with compensatory elevated pituitary hormones, abnormal stimulation tests.
Treatment Modalities:
│ – Hormone replacement therapy and supportive measures.
Peripheral Hormone Resistance
Clinical Manifestations:
│ – Examples: Hyperglycemia and acanthosis nigricans in insulin resistance; variable signs in thyroid hormone resistance.
Diagnostic Criteria:
│ – Elevated circulating hormones with reduced target tissue response; specialized receptor function tests.
Treatment Modalities:
│ – Use of sensitizing agents, lifestyle changes, and medications aimed at improving receptor responsiveness.
Altered Feedback Mechanisms
Clinical Manifestations:
│ – Inconsistent or inappropriate hormone levels relative to the clinical picture.
Diagnostic Criteria:
│ – Abnormal feedback test results (e.g., failure to suppress or stimulate hormone secretion appropriately).
Treatment Modalities:
│ – Therapies aimed at restoring normal feedback control (often by adjusting the levels or timing of hormone administration).
Ectopic Hormone Production
Clinical Manifestations:
│ – Signs of hormone excess (e.g., Cushingoid features) despite normal function of the primary endocrine glands.
Diagnostic Criteria:
│ – Elevated hormone levels with imaging studies that reveal hormone production from non-endocrine tumors (paraneoplastic syndromes).
Treatment Modalities:
│ – Treatment of the underlying tumor and, if needed, use of hormone antagonists.
Altered Hormone Metabolism
Clinical Manifestations:
– May mimic either excess or deficiency states (depending on whether conversion or degradation of hormones is affected).
Diagnostic Criteria:
– Abnormal levels of hormone metabolites; enzyme activity assays that demonstrate altered conversion rates.
Treatment Modalities:
– Enzyme modulators, adjusted dosing of hormone replacement, or therapies to normalize hormone clearance.