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IGCSE chem4, separate and purify different mixtures based on their…

- - - - distinguish between pure and impure substances
        
        Rf(retention factor)=distance travelled by substance/distance travelled by solvent
        
        helps identify solubility
- - - - addition(broken double bond): C2H4(alkene)+Br2(halogen/hydrogen)->C2H4Br2(alkane)
        
        oxidation: alcohol(C2H5OH)+oxidizing agent([O])->ethanal(CH3CHO)+H2O
        
        in steps, first to aldehydes then to carboxylic acids. oxidation removes hydrogen atoms from alcohol
        
        ethanal(CH3CHO)+oxidizing agent([O])->ethanoic acid(CH3COOH)
        
        fermentation: Glucose->ethanol+CO(done through yeast)
- - - - for gasses:
        
        Hydrogen: A lit splint produces a "pop" sound
        
        Oxygen: A glowing splint relights in the presence of oxygen
        
        Carbon dioxide: Turns limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) milky.
        
        Chlorine: Bleaches damp litmus paper
        
        Ammonia (NH₃): Turns damp red litmus paper blue