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IGCSE chem3 - Coggle Diagram
IGCSE chem3
electrochemistry
electrolysis
using electricity to brak down compounds into elements
extraction of metals
example NaCl
cathode: Sodium ions (Na⁺) gain electrons to form sodium metal(Na⁺+ e⁻ -> Na)
metal
anode: Chloride ions (Cl⁻) lose electrons to form chlorine gas(2Cl⁻-->
Cl
two+2e⁻
(with two)4OH⁻-->2H2O+O2+4e⁻
purify aluminium from bauxite
more reactive the harder(potassium, copper)
less reactive like copper can use carbon for reduction
needs electrolyte liquid or molten
a liquid/solution conductor(has free ion)
needes electrodes(anode(positive)cathode(negative)
electrochemical cell
device turns chemical energy to electrical
composed of two electrodes and 1 electrolite
Example: Simple cell use zinc and copper electrodes in solution like dilute sulfuric acid
zinc loses electrons, copper gains, the movement generates electricity
electroplating
coat one metal onto another
graphite, the only non metal conductor
like metals have mobile free electrons(e-)
chemical processes that involve the movement of electrons
understanding how electricity can be produced in reactions or used to drive non-spontaneous reactions
organic chemistry
study of carbon containing compounds
Carbon atoms can form four bonds, allowing wide variety of structures
chains, rings and more complex molecules
alk
anes
saturated
CnH2n+2
non-polar, unreactive, burn in O to make CO & H2O
1C meth, 2C eth, 3C prop, 4C but, 5C pent, 6C hex, 7C hept, 8C non, 10C dec
if attached shorter chain, name same way(alkyl) -yl
2-Methylpropane (C₄H₁₀)
attached to second carbon(count from where gives lowest numbers)
combustion and substitution
alk
enes
unsaturated hydrocarbons
CnH2n
double bond(more reactive)
addition reaction
3-methylpent-2-ene
2(position of double bond)
alk
ynes
unsaturated
CnH2n-2
tripplebond
functional groups
alcohols(R-OH)(CnH2n+1OH)
carboxylic acid(R-COOH)(CnH2n+1COOH)
esters(R-COO-R)(CnH2n+1COOCnH2n+1)
aldehydes(R-CHO)(CnH2n+1 O)
ketones(R-CO-R)(CnH2n+1COCnH2n+1)