Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Attachment theory - Y2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Learning theory - drive reduction learning theory suggests that the mother becomes an attachment object as she is associated with reduction of the baby's primary hunger drive
        
        Harlow's monkeys - contact comfort more important than feeding in forming the attachment bond; preferred cloth to wire in times of fear
        
        They became attached to both for different reasons
        -> Criticisms - familiar face confounding variable, unethical to monkey's lack of generalisability to humans potentially
        -> Strengths - showed that contact comfort is more important, inducing real-world applications to caregiving
        -> monkey's were raised in complete isolation due to tuberculosis, after first accidental trial he did it on purpose (very unethical)
    - - Could argue that because of this, deprivation is only important if the infant is also deprived of other quality attachment; could attachment system be adaptable and allow replacement of attachment figure as long as quality of interaction is maintained
      - Implications of attachment security -
        
        Oppenheim et al (1988) - secure attachment predicts curiosity and problem solving by age 2, social confidence in education at 3 and empathy and independence at 5
        
        Kochanska (2001) - B infants show less fear, anger or distress
        
        Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis - cross cultural validity of the Strange Situation
        
        More likely to suffer adverse mental and physical health issues
        
        Attachment can be transgenerational
  - - - Waters and Deane (1985) -
        
        Observation of caregiver-child in home - found a correlation between caregiver behaviour and attachment style
        -> Use of a Q-set, which involves clustering and coding behaviours into different categories of social perceptiveness, affectivity, social interaction, object manipulation, independence / dependency and endurance
    - - Type D profile -
        
        Stereotypical behaviours of hair pulling, freezing, avoiding mother despite stress at separation
        
        Seeking proximity to strangers over the parent - parent is a source of unresolved stress and anxiety
        
        Mother’s own unresolved mental state leads to frightened or frightening behaviour that is then inflicted on the infant
        
        AAI - unresolved attachment types
        -> Autonomous - Type B
        -> Dismissive - Type A
        -> Enmeshed - Type C
      - Attachment types are relatively consistent over the lifetime, but can be subject to change e.g. earned secures -
        
        However, there is also evidence of transmission of attachment styles to children, likely due to parenting inspiration being passed down and therefore resulting in the causation of the same attachment type (Main et al, 1985) - IWM
- - - - Mesman et al, 2016. 751 mothers from Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Turkey, the United States, Uruguay and Zambia - culturally sound
        -> Child between 6 months and 6 years
        -> 90 items to stack - providing for infant needs, is hostile to child etc
        -> Findings - correlation of .68 across participants; most of them consistently associated the same approaches and sensitivity to good parenting
        
        Universality without uniformity - a culturally inclusive approach to sensitive responsiveness in infant caregiving: (Mesman et al, 2018)
        -> There is universality in that communities adapt their behaviours to infants, but this is not uniform - the sensitivity is shown differently, but its importance is universal
      - Seifer et al, 1996 - 4-12 months weekly observation of infant temperament
        -> 12 months old - Strange Situation
        -> 6 observations of sensitivity - amount, quality, appropriateness
        
        Findings - no relation between sensitivity and Strange Situation, but temperament was related to maternal sensitivity
      - Zriek, Oppenheim and Sagi-Schwartz (2017) - Arab-Israeli children (12-18 months); no religious difference in attachment style and attachment style was consisent in its likelihood across the 4 and 3 type classification regardless of culture
        Sensitivity and attachment - maternal behaviour q-sort in which mother rates another mother's interactions(suggests religious and cultural differences)
        
        8 min free play, 10 min distraction episode, 8 min structured play; 4 min social play; meal time; diaper changing
        
        Interprets cues correctly as evidenced by baby's response
        
        Spontaneously expresses positive feelings to baby
        
        Christian mothers had a significant relationship to attachment with sensitivity, but Muslim mothers did not
        
        Possible cross-cultural difference - however, method required the mothers to look at the mother with a singular lens, and it could be misinterpretation of cues - not adapting to cultural practices
      - Still-face paradigm and attachment - Braungart-Rieker et al, 2014
        
        Strange Situation at 12 months (mothers) and 14 months (fathers)
        
        SFP - 3, 5 and 7 months
        
        Mothers and fathers of avoidant infants showed less sensitivity than secure infants during play and reunion - the infant also does not attempt to get the parent back in Type A attachment
        
        Infants are more responsive to emotion, sensitivity and response - in this paradigm, the mother plays with the baby, greeting them and shows interaction
        
        Mother engages with the baby, and they are coordinating their intentions and reactions - then the mother stops responding to the baby, and the baby quickly picks up on this, and uses everything to try and regain parental attention
        
        Imitates noises and movements that normally makes a reaction, they then have negative emotions towards the mother after about 2 minutes
      - Infant-Mother attachment among the Dogon of Mali (McMahan True, Pisani and Oumar, 2001):
        
        Infant attachment security was significantly related to the quality of mother-infant communication
        
        Correlation between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security was moderate and somewhat significant
        
        Mothers of disorganised infants had significantly higher ratings of frightened or frightening behaviours
        
        Maternal sensitivity predicted little of the variance in infant security, however the addition of the frightened/frightening variable tripled the explained variance
        
        This suggests that maternal fright / fright induced mediates the relationship between sensitivity and attachment - the mother fearing the infant’s needs or alternatively the infant fearing these needs will be met with disdain affects attachment
      - De Wolff and van Ijenzdoorn (1997) -
        -> Sensitivity - mother's ability to perceive the infant's signals accurately, and ability to respond to signals promptly and appropriately (r = .22) that leaves all satisfied
        -> Continuity of response - promptness and frequency of response to infant's signals (r = .10)
        -> Correlation is weak, only explaining 4% of variance, but could still be an important factor
        -> This contradicts the hypothesis
  - - - Is there a relation between attachment and peer relationships?
        Schneider, Atkinson and Tardif (2001) - meta-analysis of relations between attachment and peer relationships:
        
        Attachment - strange situation and attachment Q-set
        
        Peer relations - sociometrics, direct observations and parent-teacher reports
        
        Overall effect - r = .20, with friends r = .24, with others r = .14
        
        Attachment somewhat relates to peer experience
        
        The idea that sensitivity creates attachment which creates competency is small