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Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination - Coggle Diagram
Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Categorization and Stereotypes
Categorization
lump together objects + events
social identity theory (SIT)
when believe judgement dimension correlated with categorization
does the name Tajfel matter?
conditions amplify
judgement dimention
categorization
self as member of group
few other category memberships
exaggerate between-group differences
underestimate within-group differences
social perception
observables
trait inferejnces
social stereotypes
Stereotypes
beliefs about a group
attributes
qualities
physical or actions
can be positive
serves function
manner of thinking about people/groups
schemas
how quickly perceive
what notice
how interpret what notice
what perceive similar vs difference
descriptives
perceptions/beliefs of what groups are like
stereotype content model (SCM)
prescriptive
stereotype content model
warmth x competence
high or low warmth
high or low competence
Stereotype Accuracy
social cognition approach
simplify social world
"toolbox"
world very complex
a lot of error from simplifying
social identity
useful
meaningful
fundamental
3 ways can be inaccurate
stereotype inaccuracy
over (or under) estimate degree groups differ on stereotype dimension
mean differences inaccurate
aka exaggeration
dispersion inaccuracy
underestimate (or over) degree individuals dispersed on continuum in group
within group variability inaccurate
aka overgeneralization
valence inaccuracy
overestimate evaluative difference between groups across multiple attribute dimensions
see larger group difference on dimensions favouring ingroup
see smaller difference on dimensions favouring outgroup
Stereotype Structure
prototype
average, most typical group member
category info organized around statistical average
"fuzzy set"
exemplar
concrete example
based on actual experience
Stereotype Activation + Inhibition
targets part of multiple categories
activate some categories and ignore others
lexical decision task
quicker to identify chinese stereotype words if saw eating noodles
quicker to identify woman stereotype words if saw make up
other always inhibited below baseline
motivated stereotype activated
get feedback from white/black person
negative/positive feedback determined if stereotypes inhibited/activated
General Emotions and Prejudice
Importance of Specific Groups
Group-Based Emotions (GBE)
aka intergroup emotion theory (IET)
based on appraisal theories of emotions
traditional appraisal models
focus on individual
how situation affects personally
Smith's approach
focus on in group, not individual
does affect group a member of
emotions most consistently related to attitudes
sociofunctional threat response
evolved
things can be "threatening" in different ways
Integral vs Incidental Affect
integral affect
emotions elicited by group itself
often negative
incidental affect
emotions elicited by external factors
not related to group itself
Emotions and Information Processing
positive mood
greatest illusory correction
less perceived variability in target group
ignore stereotype inconsistent info
don't want to be kicked out of + mood so adopt more shallow thinking
experiment
watch funny tv or neutral tv
indicate if european or african american belong to criminal vs politician category
positive mood put african americans in criminal category more + europeans in politician category more
Anxiety, Disgust, and Fear
Integrated Threat Theory of Prejudice
Disgust and Prejudice
disgust sensitivity
interpersonal disgust sensitivity
intergroup disgust sensitivity
Terror Management Theory (TMT)
Competition and Interdependence
Realistic Group Conflict Theory (RGCT)
Instrumental Model of Group Conflict
Systems of Control
Contemporary Prejudice
Traditional/Old-Fashion Prejudice
Current Trends
Aversive Racism
Explicit and Implicit Prejudice
Definitions
attitudes
evaluations
degree of like vs dislike
don't have to be conscious
explicit
processes
conscious
deliberate
controllable
attitudes + stereotypes
conscious
eg traditional values
implicit
processes
unconscious
unintentionally activated
attitudes + stereotypes
automatically activated by mere presence
develop from repeated pairings of object category + evaluation
Distinctions
Relations between explicit and implicit
Regional effects
Automaticity
Qualifications