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Chapter 1 Overview - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 1 Overview
1.5 Phrases
The verb phrase
the main verb + auxiliaries(optional)
the simple verb phrase (main verb or modifier + main verb): without auxiliaries
John enjoys being flattered.
the complex verb phrase : with auxiliaries
Be quiet. I am thinking./ I have never been there.
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The noun phrase
A head word( Noun) + one or more optional modifers
Examples :
- All bets are off ( determiner + head word)
2. Real life isn't a romantic comedy (Adjective + head word)
- There is little word to do this evening. (Determiner+ head word + infinitive)
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1.1 English Grammars
Descriptive Grammar（描述性语法）
-Rules or patterns underlie the use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
- Analysis of text corpora(语料库）& grammatical structures
-THE WHOLE BOOK FOCUSES ON THS"**
Prescriptive Grammar(规定性语法）
-use the identified rules of a given language to govern the lingusitic behaviour of speaker
History of English Grammar
- William Bullokar:
" Brief Grammar for English"
(first English Grammar book, 1586)
- Introduced 16 new grammars during late 17th century
- First half of 19th century, 900 grammar books
- Edward Shelley
"The People's Grammar: English Grammar Difficulties for the Million "(1848)
- William Cobbett
A Grammar of the English Language: In a Series of Letters (1848)
1.4 Words
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Closed Class
fairly fixed
determiners, pronuns, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries
Open Class
fairly open-ended (easily add new words to it)
Noun, Verbs, Adjectives and adverbs
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1.2 Terminology
Grammar
Narrow sense: Syntax (句法，句法学，the way words combine to form sentences）& Morphology(词态，形态学, the form of words）
Broad Sense: Full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the langauage / Certain parts of a description
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1.3 Morphemes
Bound Morpheme
- Occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme
- An " Affix"
A.Inflectional affix (boy-s, work-ed, im-polite, self-ish)
B.Derivational affix（kind-ness, in-appropriate)
- also called grammatical morphemes (show gramatical features)
- affilated(附属） to the root both in semantic (语义）and grammatical terms
He is unhappy. → "happy" (free) + "un-" (bound)
Free Morpheme
- Ocur in isolation
- A simple word ( boy, tree, do, happy,he, in)
- also called content morphemes (carry the meaning)
- can be semantically （语义上) complete and grammatically independent
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