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Psychopathology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Watson & Rayner (1920) – Little Albert Study
        UCS (Loud Noise) → UCR (Fear Response)
        NS (White Rat) + UCS (Loud Noise) → UCR (Fear)CS (White Rat) → CR (Fear Response)
    - - Avoiding the phobic stimulus reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces avoidance behaviour.
        This prevents the individual from learning that the phobia is irrational.
  - - - ✅ Supported by Research – Little Albert (Watson & Rayner) demonstrated how phobias can be conditioned.
        ✅ Explains Maintenance of Phobias – Unlike classical conditioning alone, the two-process model explains why phobias persist over time
        .✅ Has Led to Effective Treatments – Systematic desensitization and flooding are based on conditioning principles.
        ❌ Reductionist – Ignores the role of biological factors (e.g., genetic predisposition)
        ❌ Not All Phobias Follow Trauma – Some people develop phobias without a clear conditioning event.
        ❌ Cognitive Factors Ignored – Phobias may be caused by irrational thinking, which the model does not explain..
- - - - 1.Negative Self-Schemas:
        A depressed person has negative mental frameworks about themselves based on childhood experiences (e.g., criticism, bullying, rejection).
        They interpret new information negatively, reinforcing their low self-esteem.
      - 2.The Negative Triad:
        Beck proposed that depression is maintained by three types of negative thoughts
        Negative view of the self – “I am worthless.”
        Negative view of the world – “The world is unfair.
        ”Negative view of the future – “Things will never get better.”
      - Cognitive Biases
        Overgeneralization – Applying one negative event to all situations
        Catastrophizing – Seeing a minor setback as a complete disaster.
        Black-and-white thinking – Viewing situations in extremes (e.g., success or failure).
    - - A – Activating Event: A negative life event (e.g., failing an exam, losing a job).
        B – Beliefs: Irrational beliefs about the event, such as:Musturbatory thinking – “I must succeed at everything or I am a failure.”
        C – Consequences:
        The irrational beliefs cause emotional and behavioral consequences (e.g., depression, low self-esteem).