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Assess the role of both nature and nurture in psychology (20) - Coggle…
Assess the role of both nature and nurture in psychology (20)
Schizophrenia
Nature explanation
Example of nature is how the genotype influences psychological characteristics such as Schizophrenia.
Gottesman and Shields (1966) supported the inheritance of Schizophrenia with 42% mz concordance compared to 9% DZ concordance
Twin studies do not fully separate genes from the environment as most twins also have similar nature elements.
Nurture Explanation
Example of how social factors such as social class or ethnic (minority) groups may influence Schizophrenia
Cooper (2005) analysed admissions for SZ from 1949-1953 and found the rate of SZ for single men was 4.1 times higher in social class 5 compared to social class 1.
It may be that the social drift is the actual contributor of nurture to SZ, as evidence (Goldberg et al, 1963) found social decline happened to the SZ patients in adolescence.
Treatment
Nature explanation
Sz can be treated using nature based methods such as Chlorpromazine.
Diathesis Stress Model
The use of drugs for mental health issues only mangages symptoms and a diathesis stress model might be more appropriate than just nature causes so drugs should be combined with other treatments too.
Addiction
Nature explanation
Nature can contribute to drug addiction through stimulation of the dopamine reward pathway.
Olds and Milner (1954) showed rats would repeatedly press a lever stimulating the dopamine reward system which shows nature influence on addiction.
However, Olds and Milner (1954) used rats which have different chromosomes and brain structure to humans so the findings may not be generalisable.
Nurture explanation
Nurture can contribute to drug addiction through exposure to people, places or things that are associated with the drug.
Van den Oever (2008) showed that cues associated with heroin lead to plasticity in the brain and not the drug itself.
The external cues associated with heroin in Van den Oever et al (2008) influenced internal brain plasticity and reduced synaptic activity which shows that there is an interaction between nature and nurture.
Aggression
Nature explanation
Lack of activity in the pre-frontal cortex could influence aggressive behaviour and is a nature factor.
Raine et al (1997) compared murderers (NGRI's) with controls using PET scans and found lower activity in the pre-frontal cortex which may explain the impulsive and irrational actions, so shows the nature influence of aggression.
Nurture explanation
Role models may influence aggressive behaviour through observation and imitation of aggressive acts which are later rewarded either directly or vicariously.
Bandura's studies showed that children would observe and imitate role model aggressive behaviour to a bobo doll.
Both nature and nurture - Personality factors, such as those with the PEN personality may contribute to aggressive behaviour and could be considered to be influenced by both nature and nurture factors.
Obedience
Both nature and nurture
Agency Theory assumes that people are born with the potential for obedience and that the socialisation process influences how obedient humans become.
Both nature and nurture factors are responsible for obedience according to agency theory with the potential for obedience being shaped by social milieu so this is more of an interactionist view.
Nurture explanation
Social Impact Theory focuses on how different social forces such as Strength, Immediacy and Number affect an individual.
Social Impact Theory variables have received research support for nurture factors involved in behaviour but has been criticised for being too descriptive and does not provide an understanding of the underlying psychological processes influencing behaviour.
Nature is internal influences that affect the development of an individual
Nurture is the external influences which could be pre-birth (drugs, disease, diet of mother) or post birth (physical, enviornmental factors)