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FFP, See also the article (International Women's Development Agency,…

- - - - When former Swedish Foreign Secretary Margot Wallström introduced the idea of Femin- ist Foreign Policy (FFP) in 2014, she opened a space for discussion and debate about the role of states in advancing feminist ideals in their foreign policies. At the time, Wallström’s announcement was unique introducing the use of a “feminist frame” to position Sweden as a norm entrepreneur in this ﬁeld.
    - - p. 37 In 2014, the newly formed Swedish coalition government unprecedentedly declared a radical policy change by launching a distinctively feminist foreign policy.
      - p. 37-38By addressing global gender inequalities, discrimination, and violence, Sweden is seeking to contribute to a more peaceful and secure world order.
        
        p. 38 Sweden’s adoption of a feminist foreign policy is an attempt to push the gender-security nexus to the very center of global politics
      - p. 38 At the same time, it is important to note that Sweden’s feminist foreign policy is developing incrementally, by focusing on international agenda-setting within the United Nations and by practicing normative entrepreneurship in the field of WPS.
    - - p. 202 in early 2014 a photo of four women Defence Ministers attending a security conference tweeted by then Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt and with the (somewhat problematic) caption “True Power Girls” went viral
    - - :check::warning: p. 590 However, in 2022 Sweden also became the first state to abandon its FFP,
      - p. 589 Sweden’s prospective NATO membership is an important case in point to examine, given that the country was until recently a champion of a feminist transformation of global politics, being the first state to adopt a feminist foreign policy (FFP) in 2014
    - - p. 23 In 2014, the Swedish red–green coalition government adopted a feminist foreign policy, which signalled a substantial change in its external conduct. Its pronounced ambition was to become the ‘strongest global voice for gender equality and full employment of human rights by all women and girls’
    - - p. 206 Sweden’s much‑publicised adoption of a FFP in 2014
        
        p. 212 Sweden’s adoption of a FFP in 2014 marked a significant shift in how Sweden approached foreign policy, seeking to become a strong global voice and advocate for gender equality and women’s rights,
        
        p. 212 he trend towards FFP globally continues, despite the new govern‑ ment in Sweden capturing headlines through dropping its commitment to FFP
    - - p. 1 In 2014, Sweden adopted the world’s first feminist foreign policy. Since then, more than a dozen countries and political parties have followed suit or have announced their intention of developing a feminist foreign policy.
      - p. 2 The original formulation of Sweden’s feminist foreign policy asks three foundational questions about rights, representation, resources
      - p. 2
        
        Developed a feminist trade policy.
        
        Advocated for the integration of gender equality in trade agreement negotiations in recent years.
        
        Developed certification for private security companies on their conduct in conflict areas.
        
        Established new funds to channel resources to women’s organizations.
    - - p. 1263 The same day the newly elected liberal-right coalition government took office, its new Foreign Minister Tobias Billström announced that the Swedish FFP would end. He explained that:
        The use of the label feminist foreign policy has obscured the contents of our policy. This is why the government will discard its use. But we will always support gender equality.1
    - - While the government of newly elected prime minister Ulf Kristersson might no longer carry the feminist torch, it still needs to live up to its obligations on gender equality and the rights of women and girls everywhere.
  - - - France announced its Feminist Diplomacy Policy in 2019, which has since morphed into FFP
    - - p. 1 France has developed a comprehensive accountability framework with timelines, indicators, and responsible stakeholders.
    - - p. 2 Committed to reaching 50 percent of gender-focused aid by 2022, up from 30 percent in 2018.
  - - - p. 23 A growing number of states, including Canada, Norway, Sweden, Australia, and the United Kingdom, have adopted gender- and feminist-informed approaches to their foreign and security policies.
    - - p. 486 Since 2021, Cyprus, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Scotland have announced their intentions to engage with FFP (Ünlü 2020, p. 95, Bergman Rosamond et al. 2022).
    - - recently Mexico, France and Luxembourg have declared feminist foreign policies.
    - - p. 591 Several NATO members have adopted FFPs; however, the alliance itself has not, despite calls for it to do so.
    - - A growing number of states including Canada, Norway and Sweden have adopted gender and feminist-informed approaches to their foreign and security policies.
    - - p. 206 An increasing number of states have followed suit (Canada, Chile, France, Canada, France, Germany, Libya, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Mexico, Scotland, and Spain).
    - - the Netherlands joins a group of pioneer countries that are campaigning internationally for gender equality, including Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Canada, Mexico and Chile
    - - p. 1 the number of countries embracing this banner keeps growing. By October 2022, this list includes Sweden (2014), Canada (2017), France (2019), Mexico (2020), Spain (2021), Luxembourg (2021), Germany (2022), Chile (2022), Colombia (2022) and Liberia (2022).
        In the UK, three different political parties have pledged that they will pursue this if in power. In the United States, a resolution expressing support for this idea has been brought to the House of Representatives.
      - p.1 In January 2022, the Swedish Foreign Minister announced a Feminist Foreign Policy Plus Group that currently includes sixteen countries.
      - p. 1 All these countries have a national action plan on women, peace and security already. Some countries that have not adopted a feminist foreign policy have both a national action plan on women, peace and security and a foreign policy gender strategy, such as Norway or Australia.
      - p. 2 Sweden and Canada have promoted policies that include women's rights, inclusive governance, reproductive rights, and seek to prevent gender-based violence.
  - - - . Canada has badged its development programme as feminist,
    - - p. 2 Committed to ensuring that no less than 95 percent of bilateral international development assistance initiatives will target or integrate gender equality by 2022.
      - p. 2 Committed to creating opportunities for women in the renewable energy sector, the transition to a low-carbon economy, and climate-smart food production.
  - - - Intersectionality ... finding its way into FFP discourse. ... the Netherlands’ acknowledgement that “the situation is often even worse for minorities such as LGBTIQ+ people. Other factors, including ethnicity, religion and physical or other disabilities often determine the extent to which people experience additional unequal treatment.”
    - - What is the Netherlands doing? The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been devoting a great deal of attention to ensuring meaningful participation by women, and to the effects that policy has on women, in grant awards, diplomacy and during negotiations at the EU and other international institutions, for example. The Netherlands also promotes women’s rights, gender equality, sexual rights and reproductive health, providing funding for activities and programmes, for instance.
      - Ministry of Foreign Affairs has put its feminist foreign policy into action in various ways,
        The Netherlands also spoke out against homophobia and discrimination in Slovakia after the murder of two LHBTIQ+ people, and it supports the European sanctions introduced in response to the large-scale violence against women in Iran.
    - - While the Netherlands announced the introduction of a FFP in 2022 and held a major conference in early November 2023, the proof is in the pudding. After Geert Wilders’ far-right Freedom Party won the November 2023 elections, we will have to intensify our efforts to make sure that the announced FFP indeed moves ahead.
    - - The 2024 massive cuts to development spending in the Netherlands – one of the historically largest supporters of LGBTQI+ organisations – is another concerning example.
  - - - Germanys FFP guidelines that make a case for a “transformative and intersectional approach” to addressing and countering “entrenched power structures.”
      - The following example of Germany’s entanglements in climate related harm exempli
        
        The observed willingness to “pick and choose” Black feminist concepts such as “intersectionality” while neglecting to acknowledge Europe’s own complacency in global power structures oppressing the most vulnerable communities cannot withstand an intersectional FFP.
  - - - p. 24 during her tenure as the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton launched the ‘Hillary Doctrine’ which framed the subjugation of women as a security threat to the United States and the world.
    - - The United States, the biggest aid donor globally, has frozen aid funding, which includes women's reproductive health, and has criticized clean energy projects for women in the Pacific, as the Trump Administration overhauls foreign assistance.
    - - This has caused devastation to the thousands of organisations reliant upon this funding, with disruption to vital sexual and reproductive healthcare services.
      - USAid funding was critical to the work of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and its work around population and development, funding sexual and reproductive healthcare programs. Previous Empower to Plan partners such as PFPI based in the Philippines predominantly relied upon USAid funding for their work.
        
        USAid was the world’s largest donor of family planning assistance; the agency’s family planning and reproductive health programme budget in 2023 was $607.5 million.
      - Alongside the implementation of the Global Gag Rule by the Trump Administration, this [USAID funding freeze] will have a devastating impact on millions of women and girls with their access to lifesaving sexual and reproductive healthcare restricted.
    - - The first Trump administration introduced a wave of policies that restricted reproductive rights and access to healthcare both domestically in the US and worldwide.
        
        But this is now Trump 2.0. And it’s widely predicted that the Trump administration will not only reinstate its previous policies but go even further in restricting women’s reproductive rights.
        
        During his first 2016-2020 administration, President Trump reinstated the Mexico City Policy, more widely known as the Global Gag Rule. A policy that bans US global health funding from supporting any non-US organisation that provides abortion care, information or referrals, even if this work is separately funded by non-US funds.
      - Abortion is an important part of reproductive and sexual healthcare provision ,… Pregnancy complications … may be so severe that abortion is the only measure to preserve a woman’s health or save her life.
  - - - p. 24Under the leadership of former British Foreign Secretary William Hague, the United Kingdom promoted a normative shift towards the eradication of sexual violence in conflict.
  - - - p. 24 Australia’s first female foreign minister, Julie Bishop, consistently promoted gender mainstreaming in international institutions while in office.
    - - Australia's new International Gender Equality Strategy aims to protect women's sexual and reproductive health rights and increase the security and financial inclusion of women.
  - - - p. 24 Norway has a long track record of actively supporting gender mainstreaming in areas of peacekeeping, peacebuilding and development assistance
  - - - p. 206 , Ukrainian feminists have been clear on their need for the West to provide arms so they can protect themselves following the full‑scale Russian invasion
  - - - p. 1 Spain appointed a Special Envoy on its feminist foreign policy and will present annual reports to its parliament.
      - p. 2 Has the highest percentage of official development assistance devoted to programs advancing gender equality as a principal objective (24 percent).
  - - - p. 2 Committed to reaching full employment parity, equal pay, and applying a gender lens to every foreign policy position, resolution, and mandate by 2024.
- - - - p. 485
        When former Swedish Foreign Secretary Margot Wallström introduced the idea of Femin- ist Foreign Policy (FFP) in 2014, she opened a space for discussion and debate about the role of states in advancing feminist ideals in their foreign policies. At the time, Wallström’s announcement was unique introducing the use of a “feminist frame” to position Sweden as a norm entrepreneur in this ﬁeld.
  - - - p. 24 existing research on ethical foreign policy is, by and large, gender blind.
    - - p. 24 That gender-sensitive foreign policies are frequently couched within ethical consideration for the needs and wants of distant others as well as policy pragmatism since the practical conduct of foreign and security policy is mediated through a variety of policy options and compromises across a range of diverging political positions.
      - p. 24 making of foreign policy may, at times, necessitate deviations and trade-offs from the ethical ideals that one might otherwise expect from the feminist and gender-based con- duit of foreign policy
    - - pp. 29 - 30 This would also involve asking whether the conduct of feminist foreign policy gives rise to a new range of actors – state and non-state ones, practices and policy areas.
  - - - p. 205 The practice of foreign policy needs to be understood broadly, beyond the rationalist narrow focus on war and power politics, but encompassing more than the liberal focus on multilateralism, rules, and norms.
      - p. 206 drawing attention to the relevance of feminism to external policy.
      - p. 206 Defence is a feminist issue, particularly as feminists seek to challenge
        realpolitik and the state‑centred focus of global politics.
    - - p. 212 state interpretations of FFP tend to be outward external facing, despite critique that domestic and foreign policy are co‑constituting
      - 212 Civil society has pushed for FFP to go further,
  - - - :check:p. 1 This movement should aspire to transforming the practice of foreign policy to the greater benefit of women and girls everywhere, impacting a country’s diplomacy, defense and security cooperation, aid, trade, climate security, and even immigration policies.
  - - - :check:All policies are framed in terms of human rights, and many make specific reference to
        international human rights commitments and treaties.
        
        several policies make financial commitments to ODA, and/or set performance and spending targets for gender equality activities, the gold standard being Canada’s commitment that 95% of its ODA will target or integrate gender equality.
  - - - The connections between feminism and social justice are not the same for every feminist. On one hand, feminism and social justice seek to disrupt and dismantle unequal power structures. Kaira Alburo-Cañete, Senior Researcher at the International Institute of Social Studies, observed, for example, that feminist goals of many women in crisis-affected communities call for structural changes that address the environmental, social, economic and political causes of the crises they experience. On the other hand, other feminists’ views on how inequalities should be addressed can be different. As a result, it is beneficial to think about the diversity of feminisms and their varied approaches to social justice.
- - - - The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is the UN’s division focused on reproductive and sexual healthcare.
  - - - 593 [Strategic narratives] shape the nature of policy discussions on a specific topic or issue and lay out potential responses to that issue with conflict, war, encroachments on human rights, and gendered injustice and harm being instructive examples here.
        
        p 593States frequently engage in strategic storytelling that serves their interests and preferred value systems, with key omissions being present in such stories.
      - 595
        Some stories are privileged over others because configurations of power ‘legitimize, authorize and value certain narratives over others’.
- - - - p. 486 This is not to say that EU member states and political actors are uniformly enthusiastic about the emergence of this new global gender norm, but it has nevertheless helped to create the momentum for what could be seen as a “feminist moment” within foreign and security policy institutions.
      - p486 EU member states seem to have been particularly geared up to adopt this approach, pointing to the possible emergence of a European normative framework in this space, if not quite a consensus.
- - - - p. 202 These two events can be seen as catalysts for a greater inclusion of women in the field of foreign policy and diplomacy, and wider attention to questions of gender equality between women and men, girls, and boys.
      - p. 202 Despite increased visibility and feminist interventions, women remain significantly under- represented.
        
        examples on page
- - - - p. 29 The public sphere of state institutions has largely been associated with men and masculinity, and, this in turn, defines the interna- tional as the space in which women have no room, and, where femininity is excluded.
      - p. 29 As noted above, feminist scholars are highly sceptical of the transformative potential of state-generated feminism, in particular, the constraints that the institutionalised patriar- chal order places on the state’s ability to support and sustain feminist values and prac- tices within and beyond borders.