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Augustan age - Coggle Diagram

- - - - (importance of money, trade, colonies)
    - - (merchants, businessmen)
    - - wealth allowed class ascension
    - - alcohol, disease, migration to cities
  - - - knowledge from reason, not religion
  - - - privatization of land
      - rural poverty
  - - - produced detailed maps of the island of
        Newfoundland
      - he established the first recorded contact by Europeans with the east coast of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands
- - - - This led to more independence to the parliament
      - he couldn't even speak English well.
    - - reign dominated by conflicts:
        
        war of Austrian succession
        (1740-1748)
        
        England's Role in the war
        
        Support for Austria
        
        Naval and Colonial Conflict
        
        Domestic mnact
        
        Military Engagements
        
        Prelude to Future Conflict
        
        key roles for England in the war
        
        prelude to the seven vears val
        
        Naval dominance and colonial rivalries
        
        Alliance with Austria and balance of power
        
        the 1745 Jacobite rebellion
        
        the seven years war
        
        William pitt the elder,prime minister of britain
        (1756-1761,1766-1768)
        
        policies focus on:
        
        military expansion
        
        colonial focus
        
        alliance with Prussia
        
        key aspects of pitt’s Mercantilist approach
        
        empire expansion for economic gain
        
        control of Trade
        
        colonial resources and markets
        
        military spending to protect trade
        
        war as an economic tool
        
        causes
        
        European power Struggles
        
        Colonial rivalries
        
        Diplomatic revolution
        
        key theaters of War
        
        Europe
        
        North America
        
        Montreal
        
        Caribbean and West Africa
        
        Naval Battles
        
        end of the War
        
        Treaty of Paris
        
        consequence of the War :
        
        Rise of the british empire
        
        french defeat
        
        prussia's ascendancy
        
        colonial tensions
        
        Global warfare model
    - - Whigs
        
        Robert Walpole
        Prime minister of Great Britain
        
        key aspects:
        
        Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Management
        
        Avoidance of War and Foreign Policy
        
        Political Patronage and Stability
        
        Control of the Press and Public Opinion
        
        Taxation policy
        
        Religious toleration
        
        that comes from Scottish horse robbers
        
        supported constitutional monarchy and the parliament supremacy.
        
        Favoured religious tolerance
        
        evolved into the liberal party
      - Tories
        
        from road-criminals.
        
        Supported the monarchy,
        
        represented the landed anstocracy
        
        favoured traditional institutions
        
        evolved into the conservative party
- - - - To be understood widely
      - Realism
      - Speed and copiousness
      - DIDACTIC AND MORAL CONCERN
      - ENTERTAINMENT
    - - People used to borrow books from circulating libraries
      - COFFEE HOUSES allowed the circulation of news and opinions
      - THE AGE OF PROSE
        A growing interest in reading
      - Most readers were middle-class or
        upper-class women
        
        The interest of middle-class people in literature gave rise to:
        
        the novel
        
        Journalism
        
        A Current of General News,
        
        'The Tatler' (Steele)
        
        'The Spectator' (Addison)
        
        daniel defoe "The Rewiew"
    - - Jonathan Swift
        
        the utopian novel
        
        Historical Context & Life
        
        Born in 1667 in Dublin, of English parents
        
        Ireland under English colonial rule
        
        Moved to England in 1688 at the time of the Glorious Revolution , became secretary to William Temple (Whig)
        
        who encouraged him to write satire
        
        from Whig supporter to defender of Ireland and the Anglican Church
        
        Became a priest 1694 and later Dean of St.
        Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin in 1713
        
        Helped Catholics in Ireland despite being Anglican
        
        he denounces the misery that ireland is forced to live for the oppression of the english colonialism
        
        later years were marked by the decay of his mental faculties
        
        died in 1745
        
        still regarded as a national hero in ireland
        
        Swift’s attitude to reason
        
        REASON
        
        instrument that must be used correctly
        
        too intensive a use of reason
        
        error of judgement and therefore unreasonable
        
        Need to take a common-sense view of life
        
        Major Works
        
        Early Satirical Works
        
        The Battle of the Books (1704)
        
        Defends classical literature against modern literature
        
        Allegory: books come to life and fight in a library, classics win
        
        Connected to a French debate on whether classical authors were superior to modern ones
        
        A Tale of a Tub(1704)
        
        Allegory: three brothers receive coats from their father (symbolizing three branches of Christianity)
        
        Criticism of Catholic superstition and(Catholics, Anglicans, Dissenters)
        
        Political & Social Pamphlets
        
        The Drapier's Letters
        
        Criticizes English colonial policies in Ireland
        
        Opposes the introduction of new currency imposed by the English government
        
        A Modest Proposal(1726)
        
        Extreme satire: suggesting that the poverty of irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children as food for the rich
        
        A hard criticism of English policies towards Ireland
        
        Gulliver's Travels (1726)
        
        Satirical novel in four parts
        
        Book I -Lilliput
        
        Gulliver sails from Bristol.
        
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        After six months is shipwrecked somewhere in the South Pacific. He is cast upon the shore of ‘Lilliput’.
        
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        The inhabitants, the ‘Lilliputians’, are only six inches tall: he learns their language and customs.
        
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        He is to them a benevolent giant.
        
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        Book II - Brobdingnag
        
        Gulliver sails for India.
        
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        He finds himself in 'Brobdingnag', a country located in Alaska.
        
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        The natives are giants, twelve times as tall as Gulliver
        
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        He becomes the king's pet: he enjoys talking about politics
        
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        Rescued by a ship, he returns to England.
        
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        Book III - Laputa and Balnibarbi
        
        book III-Luggnag
        
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        Gulliver’s ship attacked by pirates. He finds himself on the flying island of ‘Laputa’ which hovers over Balnibarbi (controlled and oppressed by the élite of intellectuals).
        
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        The inhabitants are absent-minded astronomers, philosophers and scientists who make absurd experiments (in Lagado)
        
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        They live in an abstract world: largely disconnected from practical realities.
        
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        They rely on servants to physically awake them from their constant daydreaming
        
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        Book IV - Houyhnhnms and Yahoos
        
        Gulliver reaches a land of rational horses (Houyhnhnms) and primitive, corrupt apes (Yahoos)
        
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        The Houyhnhnms are logical but lack emotions, while Yahoos are disgusting but human-like
        
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        Gulliver is eventually banished and returns home, where he feels disgusted by humanity
        
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        Final message: humans are corrupt and flawed, yet proud of their supposed superiority
        
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        Satirical critique of society—>William Hogart
        
        Hogarth's Background
        
        Engraver & Painter
        
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        Focused on moral, social, and political satire
        
        Art as a tool for moral instruction
        
        Satirical Print Series
        
        A Harlot's Progress
        
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        A Rake's Progress
        
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        Marriage à la Mode
        
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        Gin Lane vs. Beer Street (Social Satire & Nationalism)
        
        Gin Lane
        
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        Beer Street
        
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        Printed in London in 1726.
        
        It consists of four books linked to four different settings.
        
        The hero is the ship’s surgeon Lemuel Gulliver.
        
        His adventures lead him into contact with peoples that are MORE CIVILISED or that reflect OUR WORST DEFECTS.
        
        Swift provided illustrated maps of the places Gulliver visited.
        
        The character of Gulliver
        
        A good European: middle-aged, well educated (man of science), practical and rational.
        
        A careful observer.
        
        Has experience of the world.
        
        Supports the culture which has produced him, but he undergoes a transformation (rejection).
        
        Constant displacement of the hero.
        
        Differs from the typical traveller:
        
        the people he meets during his voyages are not children of nature, they live in highly organized societies.
        
        Gulliver both as an instrument and object of satire.
        
        the genres
        
        • Travel narrative
        
        • Satirical novel
        
        • Utopian fiction
        
        • Fantasy
        
        • Science fiction
        
        interpretations
        
        • A tale for children: Gulliver’s amusing and absurd adventures.
        
        • A political allegory of Swift’s time.
        
        • A parody of voyage literature.
        
        • A masterpiece of misanthropy (XX century): a reflection on the aberrations
        
        of human reason.
        
        GULLIVER = “GULLIBLE” ?
        
        1) He is EASILY INFLUENCED by the societies he visits and he adopts their values and beliefs without critically examining them)
        
        2) So he is NOT AN INDEPENDENT THINKER
        
        This way also the reader is led to consider his own condition as ALL HUMANS ARE GULLIBLE: we all easily accept ideas and information without thinking.
        
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        3) He is BLIND to his own flaws
        
        Legacy & Influence
        
        Master of political and social satire
        
        Helped shape modern prose and the satirical novel
        
        Influenced writers like George Orwell and Aldous Huxley
        
        Stood apart from Enlightenment optimism, presenting a pessimistic view of mankind
        
        Gulliver's Travels remains a classic, blending adventure, satire, and deep social critique
        
        Swift's style
        
        First-person narration.
        
        Matter-of-fact prose style.
        
        Free of literary colouring
        
        Mix of REAL and FANTASTIC places
        
        Record of observed details with the precision of a scientific
        
        instrument
        
        Swift's satirical technique
        
        Satire = distortion or exaggeration
        
        The traveller invites the reader to see something
        familiar in a ridiculous, funny or disgusting way.
        
        The perspective on human behaviour is constantly changed.
        
        Other techniques:
        
        reversal of the roles,
        
        parody
        
        irony
        
        displacement
        
        juxtaposition of absurd elements
        
        A controversial writer
        
        Labelled alternatively by critics as
        
        misanthrope
        
        • concerned with politics and society; • pessimistic attitude;
        • did not share the optimism of his age.
        
        lover of mankind
      - Daniel Defoe
        
        the realistic novel
        
        son of a family of dissenters to anglicanism
        went to Newingtoon Green
        
        begins writing in Whig's
        
        political essays
        
        pamphlets
        
        “The shortest way with the dissenter"
        
        Defoe's arrest for libel
        
        had money problems
        
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        He worked as a merchant
      - Samuel Richardson
        
        the epistolary novel
      - Henry Fielding
        
        the picaresque novel
      - Laurence Sterne
        
        the anti-novel and the sentimental novel