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Digestive System, (CA) Clinical application: heartburn, Vomiting (medulla…

- - - - Canal walls
        
        submucosa
        
        muscularis
        
        mucosa
        
        serosa
      - movements
        
        mixing: segmentaion
        
        propelling: parastalsis
      - innervation
        
        submucosal plexus
        
        myenteric plexus
        
        parasympathetic
        
        sympathetic impulses
        
        enteroendocrine cells
  - - - Mouth (mastication: chewing)
        
        lips
        
        tongue (lingual frenulum, papillae, lingual tonsils)
        
        cheeks
        
        palate: roof of mouth. (hard palate, soft palate, palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils)
        
        Teeth 32 (crown, root, enamel, dentin, periodontal ligament, cementum)
        
        Salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
        
        2 secretory cells
        
        serous cells: salivary amylase to split starch and glycogen into disaccharides
        
        mucous cells: secrete mucus
      - Pharynx and Esophagus
        
        parts of pharynx: nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated columnar, oropharynx, laryngopharynx - stratisfied squamus
      - Stomach (Chyme: food in stomach + gastric juices) simple columanr
        
        Rugae: folds of mucosa and submucosa for distention
        
        smooth muscle: circular, longitudinal, oblique fibers
        
        Cardia: opening to esophagus
        
        Pylorus: Distal prortion, closest to small intestine
        
        Fundus: above cardia, temparary food storage
        
        Body: between fundus and pylorus
        
        Gastric Secretions (from pits): mucus, pepsinogen, pepsin, gastric lipase, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, chemical messengers, water
        
        Neural regulation
        
        parasympathetic impulses
        
        sympathetic impulses
        
        Hormonal regulation
        
        Somatostatin
        
        Cholecystokinin (CCK)
        
        Gastrin
        
        Phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, intestinal
        
        Gastric absorption: water, salts, lipid soluble drugs, alcohol
      - Pancreas
        
        endocrine gland: secreting insulin glucagon
        
        exocrine gland: secreting digestive fluid called pancreatic juice
        
        pancreatic acinar cells
        
        pancreatic duct
        
        common bile duct
        
        hepatopancreatic sphincter
        
        pancreatic juice: amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, nuclease, bicarbonate ion
        
        Hormones: secretin, CCK
      - LIver and Gallbladder
        
        Liver structure
        
        4 lobes
        
        Left lobe: smaller
        
        Quadrate lobe: near gallbladder
        
        Right lobe: largest
        
        Caudate lobe: near inferior vena cava
        
        Lobules: functional untis of liver
        
        hepatocytes: liver cells
        
        hepatic sinusoids: channels for blood
        
        hepatic portal vein: nutrients to sinusoids
        
        hepatic artery: o2 blood with o2 poor blood from portal vein
        
        bile: from ductules to hepatic ducts (digestion of fats)
        
        aid digestive enzymes/lipids through emulsification
        
        Gallbladder structure
        
        Cyctic ducts
        
        common bile duct
        
        hepatopancreatic sphincter
        
        gallstones
        
        cholecystokinin: contraction of gallbladder
      - Small intestine (peristalsis, segmentation, parasympathetic)
        
        Jejunum
        
        Ileum
        
        duodenum
        
        Structure of wall
        
        lacteal
        
        microvilli
        
        blood vessels
        
        intestinal glands
        
        intestinal villi
        
        plicae circulares
        
        Secretions: mucus, watery fluid, enzymes, chemical messengers, antimicrobian substances. (absorbs the most nutrients)
        
        Absorption: micelles, chylomicrons,
      - Large intestine
        
        Colon: has hapatic flexures
        
        Rectum: extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal
        
        Cecum: pouch
        
        anal canal: 4 cm of large intestine
        
        functions, goblet cells, mucus, intestinal flora, feces, gas. (feces, absorption of water and electrolytes)
        
        apendic - colon
        
        assending colon
        
        right colic flexture
        
        trasvere colon
        
        left colic flexcure
        
        1 more item...
        
        houstra - pouches to push food
        
        tineacoli - pulls it tight