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Mindmap: Central Banks Overview - Coggle Diagram
Mindmap: Central Banks Overview
Central Bank of Russia (Bank of Russia)
Establishment
July 13, 1990 (transformed from Russian Republican Bank of the State Bank of the USSR)
Primary Responsibilities
Regulate the Russian banking industry
Issue banking licenses
Exclusive right to issue national currency
Mega-regulator of all financial markets (since 2013)
Protect and stabilize the ruble
Lender of last resort for credit organizations
Structure
Bi-level banking system
Central Bank of Russia
Banks, non-bank financial companies, foreign bank branches
Board of Directors
Deposit Insurance System
Maximum coverage: 1.4 million rubles
Federal Reserve System (The Fed)
Monetary Policy Tools
Reserve requirements
Discount rate
Open market operations
Structure
12 regional Federal Banks (each responsible for a geographic area)
Board of Governors (7 members, nominated by the President, confirmed by the Senate)
Reports to and accountable to Congress
Role
Central bank and monetary authority of the United States
Duties
Supervise and regulate banking institutions
Conduct national monetary policy
Provide financial services
Maintain financial system stability and contain systemic risk
Chinese Banking System
Global Position
Four largest banks (by asset size) are Chinese
Bank of China
China Construction Bank
Agricultural Bank of China
Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
Combined assets: $17.32 trillion (16.88% increase from previous year)
Regulation
Regulation
Controlled by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC)
Oversees clearing, payment, and settlement systems
Manages State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Implements monetary policy
Bank Types:
Commercial banks: Joint-stock and city commercial banks
Policy banks: Focused on specific lending purposes
Foreign banks: Allowed to operate branches and make minority investments
State Ownership
Big Four banks remain predominantly state-owned and headquartered in Beijing
European Central Bank (ECB)
Role: Central bank for the Eurozone (19 EU member states using the euro)
Establishment: Created by the Treaty of Amsterdam
Structure
Governing Council:6 Executive Board members + governors of national central banks
President: Christine Lagarde (headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany)
Primary Objective: Maintain price stability in the Eurozone
Key Tasks
Conduct foreign exchange operations
Manage foreign reserves
Operate financial market infrastructure (e.g., TARGET2 payments system)
Authorize issuance of euro banknotes
Set and implement monetary policy
Capital
€11 billion held by national central banks of member states
Shares not transferable or usable as collateral
Key Comparisons
Monetary Policy Tools
All use interest rates, reserve requirements, and open market operations
Global Influence
Fed and ECB play critical roles in global financial stability
Chinese banks dominate global asset rankings
Independence
Federal Reserve: Accountable to Congress
ECB: Governed by European law
Bank of Russia: Accountable to State Duma
Tasks
Bank of Russia
Research discount rate changes and inflation levels
Federal Reserve
Write a 200-word essay: “Is the Fed the Most Powerful?”
Analyze unemployment, inflation, and financial stability trends
Chinese Banking System
Investigate the four largest Chinese banks (assets, global rankings, historical leadership)
European Central Bank
Fill in prepositions and summarize ECB’s specifics