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Was there political change following 1905? (Was Duma really a liberal…
Was there political change following 1905? (Was Duma really a liberal concession)
lower chamber allowed peasants to be elected to the Duma
It promised to give a voice to all classes of population
Everyone over25 could vote.
Duma was able to decide policy that could change things in Russia for the first time (giving voice to peasants)
Allowed any party to run, Bolshevik radicalists in the 3rd Duma
Oct Manifesto gave liberals some form of national assembly, which was exactly what they wanted. Tsar essentially offering to share some power
Demonstrates massive change, Tsar had given some power away
Duma- an elected governing assembly, a state or national Duma is usually capitalised, while town Dumas are lower case
Fundamental laws- meant tsar was not actually giving up power as he could rule by decree in emergency when Duma not in session and veto legislation. Also could dissolve Duma as he wished, and appoint and dismiss gov ministers as he pleased. Shows NII made Duma practically irrelevant, meant he could dismiss Duma to do as he pleases.
Tsar elected half the upper chamber, meaning they were all loyal to him. Gov also appointed by Tsar. Supported him more than the people.
Laws needed to be passed by both chambers, then by tsar appointed gov. Tsar gets final say. Any legislation dislike by Tsar meant unable to get passed.
System was indirect, although everyone was allowed to vote, not everyone could vote directly. Those with over 400 acres of land could vote directly, those without voted indirectly via a district delegate.
Stolypin changing voting system structure meant many dissenting voices removed. 3rd Duma known as Duma of Lords and Lackeys
First Duma [May- July 1906]
Boycotted by SRs and Bolsheviks. Therefore overwhelming radial-liberal in composition. 1/3 new deputies coming from peasantry.
Strongly critical of Tsar and his ministers. Brought about Witte's resignation. Replaced by Goremykin, old fashioned con.
Passed address to throne in which they requested political amnesty, abolition of state council, transfer of ministerial responsibility to Duma, end to death penalty, abandonment of emergency laws. NII dismissed this as 'totally inadmissable'.
Duma then passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded tsar's ministers to resign. 10 weeks later duma dissolved. Stolypin new PM.
Vyborg revolt- 200 delegates travelled to Finish town and issued appeal to citizens to refuse to pay taxes or do military service in protest. Authorities stepped in, disenfranchised those who signed appeal and imprisoned leaders.
Second Duma [Feb-June 1907]
Stolypin's gov tried to influence the elections to the next Duma but number of more extreme left wing increased enormously because of Bolshevik, Menshevik and SRs participation.
Even more oppositional than predecessor.
Failed to find support for agrarian reform programme, therefore passed through tsar's emergency powers.
duma attempt to ratify, spread false assassination plot and Duma dissolved. Radical delegates arrested and exiled.
introduced an illegal emergency law to alter franchise, peasants, workers and nat minorities drastically reduced and representation of gentry increased
Third Duma [Nov 1907- June 1912]
produced more submissive duma which agreed 2200 of approximately 2500 gov proposals. [300 not passed tho]
sign of unpopular tsarist regime, as even this Duma was confrontational
Disputes over naval staff, Stolypin's proposals to extend primary ed & local gov reform.
Duma suspended twice in 1911 for gov to force through legislation under emergency provisions
Fourth Duma [Nov 1912-17]
relatively docile body
New PM Kokovstov replaces Stolypin and famously proclaimed " Thank god we have no parliament"
New PM simply ignored Dumas existence and influence. Too divided to fight back. Workers again seized the initiative with a revival of direct action and strike activity
Dissolved due to outbreak of world war
Was liberal concession
Was not a liberal concession