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Russia was economically transformed during the reign of Nicholas II. To…
Russia was economically transformed during the reign of Nicholas II. To what extent do you agree?
Agriculture
peasants were to be the ones to fund the economic development; Vyshnygradsky’s export drive continued by Witte.
Limitations of Stolypins reforms that by 1913, only 1.3 million out of 5 million applicaations had been processed. 1914 only 10% land transferred to communal ownership
90% russian land still strip farming
High taxation continued under both Vyshnygradsky and Witte
Tariffs continued under Vyshnygradsky and Witte
Still behind other countries
Limitations of Economy
light industry needed for a balanced economy, but neglected. Did not produce enough tools to fix industrial machines so relied on imports.
squeezed the peasants. agri remained backwards and no funds for modern machinery
urban migration causes social issues due to overcrowding, led to urban unrest amongst workers, 1905 rev
economy reliant on other countries
despite growth, Russia still small compared to other powers. Increased production by 50% during this period, yet other countries such as Italy and Britain increased by 121% and 70% respectively.
Maj of economic activity was based around European Russia, not spread throughout large country. resources not fully harnessed.
67% of population were working on small scale industries such as workshops
Wittes priority of heavy industry meant that smaller machine tools and electrical products were not produced so when machinery broke down, needed to import more from abroad.
Stolypin’s argicultural reforms aimed at creating more Kulaks. larger farms developed as land transferred and poorer peasants sold out to more.
Kulaks prospered and became rural elite
opening up of siberia for agri prod, emigration incentives moved 3.5 million peasants away from over populated rural districts to Siberia to develop agriculture
Peasant land ownership increased and grain production increased from 56 mill tons to 90 mill tons in 14 years (1900-1914). Leader cereal exporter in 1909.
Trans- Siberian railway and the impact that had on growth. Opened up vast resources for exploitation. Opened up all year accessible port on Black Sea
Railways added a boost for metallurgical and coal, industries. End of 1890s health 60% iron and steel consumed in railways and 4/5s of locomotives were built in Russia. Trans Siberian railway required 39 million roubles of rails
Econ grew at 8% yearly. Fastest growth of any economy in world.4th largest heavy industry and 5th largest in world
Rouble placed on gold standard to increase international confidence in currency. Huge increase in foreign investment
significant increase in factories and industrial production. By 1913, 25% of state income was tax due to industrialisation
Donbas region, area of 23,300 square km supplied 87% of Russian coal by 1913.
production of oil increased, second largest economy in world. Production trebled from 15 million to 570 million between 1855 and 1913
Growth in light industry such as textiles which amounted for 40% of agri output. State rev doubled between 1908 to 194 to 4 billion roubles
Disagree- no change
Agree- transformed