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bentham and kant - Coggle Diagram
bentham and kant
Kant Categorical imperative
immanuel Kant
19th century german philosopher
book: the critique of pure reason
heavily influenced by Hume
valued empirical evidence
we dont think the world is an ordered, rational place because of evidence. we think this because our minds percieve it this way
we have innate ideas of right and wrong
protestant
believed personal experience was important in aquiring knowledge
We cannot know things as they are themselves, but only things as we perceive them to be
the good will
deontological
principle of pure practical reason
categorical imperative
universalisability
practical imperative
kingdom of ends
three postulates
pros
cons
Bentham act utilitarianism
cons
challenges of predicting consequences
assesing longterm and wide ranging consequences is complex and uncertain
it requires accurate prediction of outcomes which may be challenging and lead to potential errors in moral decision making
subjectivity and moral relativism
emphasis on maximising overall happiness can lead to subjective interpretations on what constitutes happiness or pleasure
differing opinions on moral judgements can create disagreements between groups with conflicting interests
sacrifice of individual rights
can disregard individual rights and liberties when greater happiness of the majority is prioritised
violations of personal autonomy, unjust outcomes
jeremy bentham
19th century philosopher and social reformer
book: introduction to the principles of morals and legislation
believed in the importance of rationality and empirical evidence
"nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure"
humans desire pleasure and avoid pain
Act Utilitarianism
hedonistic utilitarianism
centered around
principle of utility
maximise overall happiness and pleasure and minimise suffering
actions are morally right if they promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people
consequentialist
focuses on the consequences of individual actions rather than following strict rules/ moral absolutes
Hedonic calculus
Duration
how long will the pleasure/pain last
Reproduction
how likely the pleasure/pain will bring more pleasure/pain
Purity
how pure is the pleasure that it is not likely to be followed by pain
Remoteness
how soon will the pleasure occur
Intensity
how strong will the pleasure be
Certainty
how likely will the pleasure occur
Extent
how many people are affected by the pleasure
measures consequences of actions
pros
promotes general welfare
prioritises well being of individuals by aiming to maximise overall happiness
considers interests of all affected parties, inclusive approach to ethics
impartiality
all individuals treated equally, ignoring biases or preferences
flexibility and responsiveness
as it is not deontological, allows flexibility and adaptability in decision making
it recognises importance of context and specific circumstances when evaluating consequences of actions
practical application
by considering consequences of actions and weighing the expected outcomes, people can make informed choices that maximise overall wellbeing
how compatible with religious moral decision making
kant is
universalisability and kingdom of ends
similar to luke 6:31
do to others as you would have them do to you
act as though your morals become laws that everyone must follow
good will is the only good thing without qualification
virtuous man does good as part of religious intention
good will and virtue are rewarded with summum bonum, immortality which requires god
nml end reward is union with god
kant isnt
this is an example following instructions from the divine
not acting autonomously. moral agent autonomously according to their moral duty, not divine will
kant says you must not seek to achieve this, do duty and be godd to be worthy of happiness, do not act on inclinations
NML encourages following gods will to be rewarded
bentham is
jesus acted situationally
matthew 12:1-14
broke sabbath laws because gods law requires to do right by the situation
utilitarianism requires acting on what will maximise happiness in the situation
similar to situation ethics and new testament
but, NML is deontological, dont break rules, bentham allows rules to be broken all of the time if the situation requires it
christians following the old testament would not allow rules to be broken
Golden rule of christianity is similar to utilitarianism
love your neighbour as you love yourself
utilitarian idea of being good to others
to do as you would be done by
parable of sheep and goats
judge people based on how they treat others, making them happy or not
bentham isnt
betham doesnt believe in an afterlife
stated that happiness was pointless if it could not be experienced in society and in life
parable of sheep and goats states to do good to be rewarded with happiness in afterlife
how compatible with eachother