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Lymphatic/Immune System Lydiann Guzman Per. 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine absorb dietary fats and transports them to the bloodstream
    - - lymph nodes filter pathogens and foreign particles, activating the immune responses through white blood cells (lympocytes)
    - - collects excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream, preventing swelling (edema)
  - - - distinguishes between self and non self to prevent autoimmune reactions
    - - B cells produce antibodies, while T cells help destroy infected cells and regulate immune responses
    - - identifies and eliminates harmful microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi) and toxins
    - - after exposure to pathogen, the immune system "remembers" it, allowing a faster and stronger response upon future exposure
- - - - produce protective chemical that inhibit/destroy microorganismsenzymes
        
        enzymes
        
        lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucosa, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
        
        acid
        
        acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth, called acid mantle
        
        mucin
        
        sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms
  - - - recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm; innate system is mircoorganis invade deeper tissues
        
        phagocytes
        
        white blood cells that inject and digest (eat) foreign invaders
        
        Neutophils
        
        most abundant, die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
        
        macrophages in the lungs engulf inhaled bacteria
        
        Macrophages
        
        develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
        
        natural killer (NK) cells
        
        police blood and lymph; can kill cancer and virus infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated; attack cells that lack "self" cell surface receptor
        
        NK cells detecting and killing tumor cells
        
        fever
        
        the body raises temp to fight off a infection like flu
        
        inflammatory response
        
        macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals
        
        triggered whenever body tissues are injured; prevents spread of damaging agents; sets the stage for repair; disposes of cell debris and pathogens; alerts adaptive immune system
        
        a cut on the skin becomes red and swollen due to immune activation
        
        antinicrobial proteins
        
        interferons and complement proteins
        
        cells infected by hepatitis virus release interferons
  - - - B cells and antibodies
        
        antibodies neutralizing virus (antibodies preventing infection)
      - T cells
        
        cytotoxic T cells destroying virus infected lung cells in COVID 19
      - immunological memory
        
        after a measles vaccination, memory cells quickly respond if exposed to the virus later
- - - - targets of all adaptive immune responses
        
        contain antigentic determinants
        
        can be a self antigen (MHC proteins)
        
        all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigentic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
        
        one set of important self proteins are group of glycoproteins called MHC proteins
        
        coded by genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and unique to each individual; contain groove that can hold piece of self antigen or foreign antigen T lymphocytes can recognize inly antigens that are presented on MHC proteins
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        7 more items...
        
        antigen presenting cells
        
        1 more item...
        
        can be complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
  - - - proteins secreted by plasma cells
        
        2 pidentical heavy (H) chains with hige region at "middles"
        
        2 identical light (L) chains
        
        antibody classes: lgM, lgA, lgG, and lgE
        
        antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactive and tag them
        
        defensive mechanisms used by antibodies:
        
        Neutralization
        
        antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxions
        
        Aggluination
        
        allows antigen-antibody complexes to become cross linked into large lattice like clumps
        
        Precipitation
        
        soluble molecules are cross linked into complexes
        
        Complement fixation
        
        main antibody defense against cellular antigens
- - - - B cells are not challened by antigens; immunological memory does not occur; protection ends when antibodies degrade
- - - - act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems
  - - - engulf bacteria and fungi through phagocytosis and relase enzymes to kill pathogens
  - - - present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response
  - - - involved in allergic reactions and inflammation
  - - - include helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells
    - - destroy virus infected and cancerous cells without prior activation
    - - produce antibodies that target and neutralize specific pathogens
  - - - help in immune responses against parasites
- - - - function: cleanse lymph; filter lymph; trap foreign material; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
  - - - function: fighting infections; kill germs; catch germs entering body thru nose or mouth
  - - - function: site of T cell maturation; programs immune system to recognize "self"
  - - - function: first line of defense against microbal and dietary antigens; monitor intestinal microbal populations and prevent growth of bacteria in intestines
  - - - function: cleanses blood and removes ages RBCs; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation; stores platelets, monocytes, and iron
  - - - function: produce RBCs, WBCs, and platelets; major haemopoietuc tissue
  - - - function: protects from pathogens trying to enter body
  - - - function: 1)destroy bacteria preventing them from breaching intestinal wall; 2) generate "memory" lymphocytes
- - - - formed in response to vaccine dead or attenuated pathogens
    - - formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
  - - - antibodies delivered to fetus bia placenta or to infant through milk
    - - injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
- - - - targets extracellular pathogens
        
        B cells
        
        recognize antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies
        
        Antibodies
        
        bind to antigens, neutralize pathogens, and enhance phagocytosis
        
        plasma cells
        
        mechanism
        
        They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete specific antibodies
        
        antibodies neutralize the pathogen or mark it for destruction by other immune cells
        
        B cells recognize an antigen with the help of helper T cells
  - - - targets intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
        
        cytotoxic T cells
        
        capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
        
        helper T cells
        
        assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines
        
        mechanism
        
        cytotoxic T cells recognize these and destroy the infected cell
        
        helper T cells release signals to (cytokines) to enhance the immune response
        
        infected cells present antigen fragments via MHC class I molecules
- - - - defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme allows accumulation of metabolities lethal to T cells; fatal if untreated; treatment: bone marrow transplants
  - - - cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells
        
        characterized by severe wight loss, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes; transmitted via body fluids: blood, semen, and vaginal secretions; can enter body by blood transfusions, blood contaminated needles, sexual intercourse, and oral sex, mother to fetus; HIV destroys Th cells, thereby depressing cellular immunity
  - - - .
        
        examples
        
        rheumatoid arthritis: destroys joints
        
        myasthenia gravis: impairs nerve muscle connections
        
        multiple sclerosis: destroys white matter myelin
        
        graves' disease: causes hyperthroidism
        
        type 1 diabetes mellitus: destroys pancreatic cells
        
        systemic lupus erythematous (SLE): affects multiple organs
        
        glomerulonephritis: damages kidney
        
        treatment
        
        suppress entire immune system
        
        blocking cytokines action
        
        blocking co stimulatory molecules
        
        anti inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids
  - - - systemic response Is anaphylactic shock
- - - - nonspecific, fast acting, lacks memory, physical barriers
  - - - highly specific, slower to respons, third line of defense, has memory, chemical barriers