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Water and Its Characteristics - Coggle Diagram
Water and Its Characteristics
Water Characteristics
Sources of Water
Surface Water (Rain, River, Lake, Sea)
Underground Water (Well, Spring)
Impurities in Water
Dissolved Impurities (Salts, Gases)
Suspended Impurities (Clay, Sand)
Colloidal Impurities (Proteins, Amino Acids)
Organic (Bacterial) Impurities
Types of Water
Soft Water
Hard Water (Temporary & Permanent)
Disadvantages of Hard Water
Affects Cooking, Drinking, Industrial Use
Causes Scaling in Boilers & Pipes
Measurement of Hardness
PPM, mg/L, Clarke’s Degree, French Degree
Water Treatment & Conditioning
Need for Water Treatment
Prevent Scaling & Corrosion
Improve Efficiency in Boilers & Cooling Towers
Water Softening Methods
External Conditioning
Lime-Soda Process
Ion Exchange (Demineralization)
Internal Conditioning:
Use of Conditioning Agents in Boilers
Water Recycling & Reuse
Industrial Water Recycling
Cooling Tower Blowdown Recycling
Reverse Osmosis (RO) & Ultrafiltration (UF)
Reuse of Wastewater
Agricultural Irrigation
Industrial Cooling Water
Membrane Technologies in Water Treatment
Microfiltration (MF)
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Wastewater Treatment
Sources of Industrial Wastewater
Food, Textile, Pharmaceutical, Oil & Gas
Characterization of Wastewater
Biological: Bacteria, Viruses
Chemical: COD, BOD, pH, Nitrate, Phosphorus
Physical: Temperature, Conductivity, Suspended Solids
Treatment Stages
Preliminary (Screening, Sedimentation)
Primary (Coagulation, Filtration)
Secondary (Biological Treatment)
Tertiary (Membrane Filtration, UV Treatment)
Industrial Applications of Water
Major Industries Using Water
Semiconductor, Metallurgy, Pharmaceuticals, Textile, Paper, Food Processing
Requisites of Industrial Water
Textile & Dyeing: Free from Iron & Suspended Solids
Paper Industry: No Sediments & Low Salinity
Pharmaceuticals: High Purity Water
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Systems
Complete Recycling with No Wastewater Discharge
Water as a Utility
Chemical reactions – solvent
Energy production – to produce steam
Cooling – to prevent overheating
Manufacturing and processing
Cleaning and washing
Environmental control
Fire protection systems