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CHAPTER 1 - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 1
Representing Earth's Surface 1.3
Determining Location
Global Grid
Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measures in degrees. Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.
mapmakers use a global grid to help determine location.
How does the global grid divide Earth?-the global grid divides Earth into 2 parts-northern and southern hemisphere from the equator and eastern and western hemisphere from the prime meridian.
Globes
even though map makers wanted to make maps accurate for everything they couldn't because if you wanted super small details then you would need a super big globe
Maps and Mapping
Different Projection Maps for Different Purposes
after many attempts mapmakers have not found a solution but each map is useful for something different
The Mercator Projection
Gerardus Mercator made a map with parallel longitude and latitude and even though it was confusing it displayed directions really well.
No matter what kind of map is made, same portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place. Mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, distance, and direction
What major problem mast mapmakers overcome? Mapmakers must overcome many problems but they must overcome distortions in their maps to make them perfectly accurate
Satellites and Information Technology
Today's tech provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth's physical properties.
Topographic Maps
scale
a scale makes it easier so a map isn't the size of Earth we have a scale
geologic maps
a map that shoes the type and age of exposed rocks is called a geologic map
contour lines
contour lines never touch or intersect, except where there is a vertical cliff,
Topographic maps differ from the other maps discussed so far because topographic maps show elevation using contour lines
How do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation? contour lines are used to indicate changes in elevation.
A View of Earth 1.2
Earths Major Spheres
Geosphere-under the ocean-crust, mantel, outer core, innercore
because the geosphere is not uniform, it is divided into three main parts based on differences in compositions, the core, the mantel, the crust
biosphere-all the life on Earth
hydrosphere- all the water in Earth
Atmosphere- a thin gaseous envelope
Earth can be thought of as consisting of four major spheres; hydro, bio, geo, atmo-shpere
earth is a lot more then rock and solid it consists a lot of water which is super important
Plate Tectonics
the theory that finally emerged, called plate tectonics, provided geologists with a model to explain how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur and how continents moves.
made mountains
what is the difference between destructive forces an constructive forces?- destructive flattens out while constructive builds up.
destructive forces-weathering and erosion flatten surfaces
constructive forces- mountain building and volcanism building up the surface/ raising land
What Is Scientific Inquiry? 1.5
Theory
A scientific theory is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community and best explains certain observable facts.
Scientific Methods
The process of gathering facts through observation and formulating
Hypothesis
Once data have been gathered, scientists try to explain how of why things happen in the manner observed. scientists do this by stating a possible explanation called a scientific hypothesis
What is Earth Science 1.1
Overview of Earth science?
Earth science is the name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space
Oceanography-integrates the science of chemistry, physics, geology, and biology.
meteorology- study of atmosphere
Formation of Earth
layers form on Earth
why does earth have layers? Earth has layers so the denser elements can sink down while the less dense ones come up
the nebular hypothesis suggests that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. it was made up of mostly hydrogen and helium, with a small percentage of heavier elements