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lymphatic system: true organ system, Antigens can be: proteins,…
lymphatic system: true organ system
immune system: not an organ system but a cell population
Functions:
immunity: passes through lyph nodes
Lipid absorption: lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids
fluid recovery: capillaries reabsorb 85%
Lymphatic vessels and capillaries
middle layer: smooth muslce and elastic fibers
outer layer: CT
inner layer: endothelial lining
Trunks and collecting ducts:
Lymphatic trunks: drain into 2 lymphatic collecting ducts
Collecting ducts: drain lymph from trunks
thoracic: longer and wider (intestinal intercostal and lumbar drain)
drains to left subclavian vein
Venous System -> plasma
right lymphatic duct: smaller than thoracic duct (made from right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, right bronchomediastinal trunk)
drains to right subclavian vein
fluid and lymph
lymph: tissue fluid thta has entered a lymphatic capillary
tissue fluid formation: tissue fluid = blood plasma - plasma proteins
excess tissure fluid from bad lymphatic drainage is lymphedema
lymph flow:
contraction of skeletal muscles
pressure changes during breathing
smooth muscle in the larger lymphatic vessels*
semilunar valves: prevent backflow of lymph
inspiration (returning lymph to blood): low pressure in the thoracic cavity, increased pressure in the abdominal cavity.
tissues and organs
MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissure): unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissure found in various mucosae (lymphatic nodules)
Peyer's: cluster of lymph nodules in mucosa
lymphatic organs: encapsulated lymphatic tissue, nodes, thumus, and spleen
lymph nodes: filter potentially harmful particles from the lymph. immune serveillance
thymus: thymosins - T cells maturation
spleen: tissue types - white pulp (lymphocytes and macrophasges). red pulp RBC and macrophages
immunity
disease causing agents, viruses, bacteria
mechanisms:
nonspecific defenses
: against many pathogens (species resistance, mechanical barriers like skin) (enzymes, interferons, defensins, collections, complement system, NK cells, phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocytic system, fever, endogenous pyrogen
specific defenses:
targeting specific antigens. (3rd line of defense, antigens. [2 adaptive defenses cellular and humoral immune response.],
aspects: cellular and humoral immune responese
Cellular: cell to cell contact (activated t cells)
Humoral: antibody mediated
inflammation: swelling, WBC
Fever benefits: inhibit bacterial and viral replication, elevated metabolic rate, increased phagocytic activity
Lymphocyte origins:
*T lymphocytes: (made in RBM in thymus)
Cytotoxic T cells: target virally infected cells and tumors, memory, regulatory (perforin = holes) bind to MHC II
In blood and lymphatic tissures and organs
Activation: interaction with an antigen
helper T cells: t cells that stimulate b cells to make antibodies
memory T cells: T cells that divide to make a large of of T cells
cytotoxic T cells: target cancerous or virally infected cells
B lymphocytes (made in bone marrow)
MHC proteins
binding of the c cells receptor to its targeted antigen will activate a B cell
as its activated it proliferates forming a clone
plasma cell differentiated b cell that makes antibodies
Antibodies/immunoglobulins: IgG* igA igM igD igE
attack by antibodies: agglutination precipitation neutraliztion
antibodies combined with antigens: opsonization chemotaxis agglutination lysis neutraliztion inflammation
transplant types
autograft
allograft
isograft
xenograft
A & B antibodies are produced against blood types in M class, Allergic reactions are E class
immune responses: primary (first encounter with antigen) secondary (subsequent exposure to same antigen)
classification of immunity: naturally and artificially acquired. passive and active immunity.
hypersensitivity: type 1 2 3 4
leukocytes: act as phagocytes
barriers: skin and mucous membranes
interferons: (blocks replication of viruses) a protein from lymphocytes and fibroblasts
Complement system: stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, enhances phagocytosis
Chemotaxis: WBC migrate toward chemical signal
Interferon: block viral replication and made by lymphocytes and fibroblasts
Lymphocytes: (WBC) NK
Neurtrophil: engulf smaller particles. Monocyte: engulf larger particles
Hapten: when combined with larger molecule it can stimulate an immune response
Antigen presenting cells: phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments (cell mediated immunity)
MHC protein: on surface of antigen presenting cells
APC/antigen presenting: phagocytizes an antigen and has antigen fragments
autoantibody: directed against the self antigen
cell types: B and T cells, and macrophages
encapsulated organs: spleen* thymus and lymph nodes
Spleen structer: surrounded by white pulp, phagocytizing debris is macrophages, red pulp gets ride of old erythrocytes
Spleen function: remove debris from the blood
Componets of lymph: hormones, gases, nutrients, water
Colloid osmotic pressure: force of plasma proteins in blood
functions of lymph: move foreign particles to lymph nodes, move dietary fats to the bloodstream, return to blood small proteins
lymphatic capillaries are closed ended (simple squamous) (water, small molecules are filltered out)
increased hydrostatic pressure drives tissure fluid into lymphatic capillaries
capillaries: epithelial cells that overlap - one way valves - no exit
Antigens can be: proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, gycolipids
Cellular and humoral responeses: Recognize react remember
HIV attacks macrophages and then helper T cells
Opsonization: coating made by complement proteins that surrounds an antigen antibody complex