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Overview of Change Management (CM) Approaches - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Coronavirus pandemic (Zenger & Bunch, 2021)
  - - - Allow learning & improvement opportunities
        
        Evidence based successful practice
        
        Efficient, safe, equitable care (Abuzied et al., 2022)
- - - - Systems
        
        Culture
        
        Engrained processes / behaviours (Crilly et al., 2024)
        
        Complex systems
        
        Resources
        
        Lack of finance
        
        Poor Training & Development
        
        Competing demands
        
        Lack of attention
        
        Understanding
        
        Poor measurement / feedback
        
        Support Systems
        
        Inadequate coaching / mentoring
        
        Lack of stakeholder involvement
        
        Lack of support
      - Behaviours
        
        Staff - Employee Resistance (Hayes,2022)
        
        Critic
        
        Opposes change
        
        Loss of control
        
        Lack of collaboration
        
        Victim
        
        Panics about change
        
        Fear
        
        Stay in comfort zone
        
        Bystander
        
        Ignores Change
        
        Lack of undestanding
        
        Change fatigue
        
        Leaders
        
        Poor leadership
        
        Lack of vision
        
        Poor communication
        
        Poor commitment
        
        Lack of Engagement
      - Vision & Strategy
        
        Unclear
        
        Too complex
        
        Goals not aligned with organisation
        
        Wrong Model
        
        Poor Evaluation / Lack of Adaptation
- - - - Preferences
        
        Experiences
        
        Outcome
- - - - Adaptable Framework
  - - - Open Communication
        
        Feedback
      - Employee Engagement
        
        "Buy in"
      - Readiness
        
        Flexibility
    - - Training & Development
        
        Equip staff to succeed
      - Finances
      - Technology & Tools
    - - Current State
      - Desired State
      - The Shift (steps identified)
    - - Mentors / Coaching
      - Strategic Planning
        
        Minimise Risk
  - - - Supportive
      - Adaptive
      - Communicative (Doyle & Brody, 2018)
      - Influential
        
        Change Champions
      - Visionary
      - Collaborative
    - - Visible
      - Champion Change
      - Motivate employees
      - Build Trust
        
        Psychological Safety (Garvey-Berger, 2025)
  - - - Guide decision making
      - Align goals with organisation
        
        Recognise & Reward
        
        Sustainability
- - - - Simple (Cummings et al., 2016)
    - - Unworkable for complex change (Thompson, 2016)
    - - Unfreeze
        
        Prepare
        
        Address resistance
        
        Create awareness & understanding
      - Change
        
        Implement
        
        Employee engagement
      - Refreeze
        
        Solidify
        
        Sustainable
        
        Celebrate success
  - - - Small scale
        
        Rapid assessment
        
        Evidence based practice informs change
        
        Best for healthcare (NHS Improvement, 2018; Manandi et al., 2023)
    - - Limited research on effectiveness
        
        Lack of clear end points (Zann et al., 2021)
    - - PLAN
        
        Identify problem
        
        What will be tested (Manandi et al., 2023)
        
        Collect data
        
        Plan of action
        
        Teamwork (Kiepek & Stengstack, 2019)
      - DO
        
        Implement plan
        
        Attempt & Observe change
        
        Record data
      - STUDY (Reding, 2025)
        
        Collect data
        
        Analyse
        
        Evaluation
        
        Next actions
      - ACT (Chowthi, Williams & Davis, 2024)
        
        Adopt
        
        Implement on larger scale
        
        Readiness for another change
        
        Adapt
        
        Retest
        
        Discard
  - - - 8 Steps
        
        Collaborative Coalition
        
        Cialdinis principle of persuasion (Cialdini, 1984)
        
        Celebrate success / Wins (Wendling,2018)
    - - 7 Interconnected areas
        
        Technical aspects Hard 'S'
        
        Social aspects Soft 'S'
    - - Support through major change
        
        7 Stages (Abebe et al., 2023)
    - - Clear Goals
        
        5 Stages