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3.05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, image, image, image,…
3.05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
1 NATION AND NATIONALISM
Liberalism was important when establishing the legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty
Many people felt liberal and nationalist at the same time
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna had organised the map of Europe based on their interests
Which helped generate nationalist aspirations
The development of the liberal economy also influenced nationalism.
There were different types of nationalist movements:
Unifying movements
Aspired to bring people with a common culture together
Independence movements
2 THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808 had repercussions in Latin America
The establishment of the juntas marked the start of the road to independence for the Latin American nations.
There were other reaosons like
The urban development
The independent process was violent
Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
and there were rebellions around Latin America
led by Bolívar and San Martín
Simón Bolívar
Was a rich criollo that studied in Spain
He dreamed of a new unified American nation
Gran Colombia
But he never achieved that aim
José de San Martín
Was born in Argentina
He and his troops crossed the Andes from Argentina to Chile and liberated Peru.
Consequences of the liberation of Latin America
Political consequences
The system of government in the new countries was a republic
Economical consequences
Spain lost its main source of precious metals
Which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Latin America continued without true economic independence.
Social consequences
The criollos obtained the political power they wanted
they consolidated their economic power.
3 THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
The German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
The German Confederation had an assembly, called the Diet
Prussia therefore created the Zollverein or Customs Union, excluding the Austrians.
The Revolution of 1848
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck
under the reign of William I
led the unification in an authoritarian way
The French were defeated
And the Prussians occupied Paris
declaring the Second German Empire
4 THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
In the mid-19th century, the Italians felt part of a cultural and historical unit
They were divided into many territories with different political systems.
The rest of the north was occupied by Austria
It was the richest region and included Milan and Venice.
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena were located in the central area
and the Pope reigned over the Papal States
In the north-west, Piedmont-Sardinia ruled by the Savoy dinasty
Naples and Sicily in the south formed a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont
Allied with the French
And defeated the Austrians
After, Naples and Sicily were occupied
by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
The pope had to renounce the Papal States
The end result was a unified country, Italy
With a moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy
The capital was Rome and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy was crowned king
