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Research Methodology centro - Coggle Diagram

- - - - More practical and less costly.
      - Threats to internal validity.
      - Assignment based on pre-existing characteristics.
    - - Examines causal relationships at the individual level.
      - Difficult to generalize.
      - Common in social and health sciences.
    - - Allows inference of causality.
      - Expensive and complex.
      - Participants randomly assigned to groups.
  - - - Interviews
      - Surveys
      - Scientific articles
      - Experiments
    - - Review articles
      - Reports and studies
      - Books
      - Government documents
- - - - Independent: Manipulated or controlled.
      - Dependent: Measured as a result of manipulation.
  - - - Social or scientific importance: Relevance in context.
      - Availability of resources: Access to data, tools, skills.
      - Personal interests: Maintains motivation.
      - Originality: Novelty in approach or problem.
  - - - Formulate the hypothesis: Establish relationships between variables.
      - Test the hypothesis: Experimentation and empirical observation.
      - Review literature: Understand previous research.
      - Evaluate the hypothesis: Validation based on results.
      - Identify the research problem.
  - - - Identifies gaps in existing knowledge.
      - Identifies the need for information or improvement in a specific area.
      - Key to formulating hypotheses and defining scope.
    - - Significant: Generates new knowledge and advances in the field.
      - Feasible: Resources, skills, and tools are available.
      - Relevant: Social, economic, or scientific importance.
- - - - Verifiability: Can be tested through experimentation and observation.
      - Prediction: The ability to predict new phenomena.
      - Objectivity: Uncovers reality without bias.
  - - - Nature of Evidence: Theory versus objective evidence.
      - Justification of Theories: Falsificationism (Popper), confirmation (Hempel).
      - Relationship Between Science and Truth: Can science provide true knowledge?
  - - - Experimentation: Designing experiments.
      - Data Analysis: Determining significance.
      - Formulation of Hypothesis: Tentative explanation.
      - Communication of Results: Clear presentation for replication and evaluation.
      - Observation: Data collection.
  - - - Data Collection: Observation, surveys, experimentation.
      - Interpretation: Statistical analysis.
      - Hypothesis: A tentative statement.
      - Verification: Peer review and replication.