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Classification systems : - Coggle Diagram
Classification systems :
DSM V
A diagnostic tool used by any medical professional who qualified to give a diagnosis pertaining to a mental health disorder
Published by American Psychiatric Association (APA) who review and revise the current edition and make recommendation on alterations/amendments intermitently
Psychology changing over time - some conditions which appeared in previous DSM editions are no longer in the DSM V. EG homosexuality was removed in 1973 and gender identity disorder removed in 2012.
Psychology changing over time - some conditions that didn't appear previously have now been added to DSM V. EG hoarding disorder and bing eating disorder added in 2013.
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Evaluation
Srengths
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DSM V acknowledges that cultural differences must be considered when making a diagnosis which should ensure that ethnocentricity and universality do not interfere with diagnosis.
Weaknesses
Risk that being given a diagnosis of mental illness can lead to stigmatisation and labelling of individual as abnormal
DSM V uses broad categories to determine the type of disorder and how it should be treated which tends to lose the individual and the complex nature of their condition in the process which means that it may lack validity.
ICD 10
System used worldwide for the classification of diseases, including mental disorders.
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Main purpose is to standardise diagnosis, facilitate health care planning, and enable data collection for research purposes
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Evaluation
Strengths
Jakobsen 2005 - investigated reliability of ICD 10 with schizophrenia and diagnosis showed 93% sensitivity and 87% predictive value. Good agreement between ICD 10 and other systems (increases reliability)
Hiller 1992 - ICD 10 and DSM III both used to diagnose some patients but ICD 10 showed higher overall agreement for all disorders (0.59) compared to DSM III (0.53)
Chaniaux - 2 psychiatrists assessed the diagnosis of patients using ICD 10 and DSM IV. Found high levels of reliability, with bipolar being most reliably diagnosed. Reliability levels did not drop below 50% in all disorders except schizoaffective disorder.
Pihlajamaa - looked at validity of schizophrenia diagnosis when using DSM III and ICD 10. Compared this to current diagnosis in the 807 patients' registers. Using DSM III - 75% match with register. Using ICD 10 - 78% match with register
Jansson - looked at validity of ICD 10 by comparing to other systems as well as looking at concurrent validity of ICD 9 and 10. Compared diagnoses of 155 patients. ICD 10 and DSM IV gave best diagnostic agreement of 80%.
Weaknesses
Hiller 1992 - schizophrenia symptoms must be present for 6 months for diagnosis in DSM, but only 1 month in ICD meaning that schizophrenia is diagnosed more frequently when using ICD - unreliable.
Cheniaux - schizophrenia far more frequently diagnosed when using ICD 10. Schizoaffective disorder - reliability fell below 50%.
Differences found between ICD 9 and 10: Details of disorders, Boundaries for schiz need redrawing, 10 found to be less valid, as 9 focuses on features of disorders, whereas 10 focuses more on noticeable psychotic symptoms - less valid
Comparisons
Similarities
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Both critiqued for having a western bias, focusing heavily on symptoms observed in western societies and potentially misdiagnosing or over-diagnosing individuals from other cultures
Both are under constant update and revision to reflect latest research findings and clinical experience, the DSM is on 5th edition and ICD is on 10th with 11th on way.
Differences
Differ in terminology, organisation, and diagnostic criteria for certain disorders.
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DSM V looks at psychosocial factors and disability which may contribute towards mental illness whereas ICD 10 doesn't.