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Drama, Greece, Romin Romans b89874ef5f80b31cb8f4fddb38361284 - Coggle…

- - - - date 446-386BC in Athens
      - Genre Wrote 40 plays in total, 11 survive, most are old comedy
      - Location His plays performed at either the Lenaea or Dionysia
      - Many of his plays won awards e.g. Acharnians, Frogs, Babylonians, and Wasps
      - Views criticises democrats like Cleon. Seems to have pro-conservative, pro-peace
      - Exaggerates for comedic effect
      - Plays are contemporary to the Peloponnesian War, therefor can comment and reflect opinion on events e.g. Peace, Lysistrata
  - - - content
        
        Political
        
        Nurse uses rhetoric “this is what destroys fair cities and noble homes, fine words too well spoken.”
    - - Educated by Prodicus and Anaxagoras
      - HE LIVED IN A CAVE
- - - - -Written in 399 after the death of Socrates/
      - a legal defence recorded by Plato, who was actually at Socrates’ trial.
      - A student of Socrates
    - - -Meletus, the accuser, is described as a proxy or ‘tool’ for Antyus who was an enemy of Socrates.
      - The second section is his ‘parting remarks’ bemoaning the legal system
      - Complains about rhetoric, claims that even he forgot who he was due to the rhetoric of the accusers.
    - - Student of Socrates' e.g. will present pro-Socrates evidence
    - - -Shows that trials can be used for personal rivalries.
  - - - Context
        
        355 BC after the collapse of the 2nd Athenian League
        
        Genre - Historical treatise (essay on politics/ economy)
      - Intended to be written to describe the way that Athens can alleviate poverty and other issues. Argues that Athenians can sustain themselves without an empire.
      - METICS
        
        Chapter 2 is on the importance of metics to the economy.
        
        Metics pay the Metic Tax
        
        They work honestly
    - - a historian, ex-military general, lover of Sparta with a preference for oligarchy Also a student of Socrates and philosopher.
  - - - PROVENANCE Unknown Author
      - DATE mid- 420s
      - GENRE Pamphlet, political essay
    - - You can't even hit your slaves or metics anymore, god forbid
      - athenians wear same clothes as slaves or metics
    - - :check: corroborates with Pericles' Funeral Oration with treatment of others, as well as on Law System with The Knights and with Plato, Apologia
    - - Any "rabble" can hold a trial
    - - Allied nobles have to go to Athenian courts
  - - - DATE 328-322 BC
      - GENRE HISTORY
      - AUTHOR Possibly Aristotle, likely his students as a group
    - - Pericles Reforms
  - - - DATE First Year of Peloponnesian war (431?432)
      - AUTHOR
        
        Thucydides
      - GENRE Speech
    - - "For all men praise the dead, and, however preeminent your virtue may be, I do not say even to approach them"
      - "For our adventurous spirit has forced an entry into every sea and into every land"
      - "Make them your examples, and, esteeming courage to be freedom and freedom to be happiness, do not weigh too nicely the perils of war"
    - - :red_cross: Written from a speech, not a transcript
      - :check:
  - - - :red_cross: Makes comparisons between the Greeks and Romans to elevate the Romans
  - - - Content
        
        Megarans claimed they invented comedy
- - - - Description of Greece
        
        Describes the Athenian Acropolis as it appeared 2nd Century CE.
        
        Describes a portrait of Emperor Hadrian on the Parthenon
        
        Describes the marks where Poseidon struck the side of the Acropolis creating a stream
        
        RELIABLE
        
        Could be decieved by local guides e.g. told that Athena Promachos could be seen from Sounion, however Mount Hymettos blocked the view
      - Context
        
        DATE Born 110 CE 600 years after
        
        Geographer e.g. travels thhrough the world like Egypt, Jerusalem, Jordan
        
        Focus on Religion
      - Periegesis Hellados
      - RELIABLE
    - - Plutarch, Pericles 12 Great care was taken in the selection of materials. Marble from Mount Pentelicus in Attica. Many temples at the time were built of limestone and then coated in Stucco.
      - Context
        
        DATE 447-433 BC was dedicated in 438 BC. Built on top of Persian degree
        
        Provenance Part of the Periclean building programme
        
        Degraded
        
        It's used as a Christian Church THEN an Islamic Mosque THEN as a fucking ammo cache which explodes and destroys the whole thing causing huge damage
        
        Venetian leader smashed the statue of Poseidon
      - The finest Doric temple built at the time with the temple of Zeus at Olympia with 13 columns on each side and 6 on each end. The Parthenon had 17 x 8 columns
      - The Temple also combined Ionic elements into its construction to facilitate more sculpture overall, a display of wealth, and a reference to Athenian Ionian colonies
      - Sculptures
        
        Pediments
        
        East Pediment = birth of Athena
        
        Birth of Athena Religious Importance
        
        West pediment = Athena v Poseidon contest (west=contest)
        
        Would be the first side seen as exiting the Propylaea
        
        Tells the mythological origin of Athens.
        
        Poseidon is in 2nd place, because they are a naval power, still important
        
        North Metope – Sack of Troy
        
        South Metope – Centauromachy - Lapiths and Centaurs
        
        East Metope – Gigantomachy. Giants Vs Humans
        
        West Metope – Amazonomachy
        
        (There are 92 metopes around the Parthenon. On each side they display a different theme.)
        
        (all mythological. every metope represents victory of Athenians vs outsiders)
        
        Frieze
        
        On the outer wall of the Cella. Most temples have a frieze or metope, Parthenon has both
        
        The Ionic element of the Parthenon
        
        West Frieze
        
        Shows the horsemen outside of the boundary of the city Pompeion prepping, 192 horses (might be reference to Marathon?)
        
        North/ South Frieze
        
        the procession moving along the sacred way - musicians, horsemen, men, sacrifices, etc
        
        East Frieze
        
        The culmination of the procession where offerings are given to the Olympians.
        
        Procession ends at the Erectheion
        
        Statue of Athena Parthenos
        
        12m tall. Made of gold and ivory. on a wooden frame
        
        Pausanias She holds Nike in one hand and a spear in another. Portrait of Roman Emperor Hadrian at the bottom. He was way late so not so reliable
        
        destroyed around 165BC
      - dedicated to Athene Parthenos
    - - Pausanias Statue of Wingless Victory
    - - Plutarch, Pericles 12 The boundary between the mortal world and the sanctuary. great care taken in materials used
    - - Named after Erechtheus, legendary king of Athens
      - On the north side of the acropolis, dedicated to Athena Polias, Athena defender of city
      - Inside was a sacred olive-wood statue of Athena. Pausanias makes clear that this was the most revered image of the goddess in Attica
      - Where the Panathenaic procession ends, and the cloth is given to Athena Polias
      - Pausanias There is an altar to zeus where 'nothing that breathes' is sacrificed in front of the table. There are also altars to poseudon and Hephaestus
      - Southern porch has six Korai, statue of young women, the caryatids serving as columns. It is unclear what they represent
      - An inscription dated to 409.408 describes the incomplete state of the building and the decision to continue its construction. it was under construction during the peloponnesian war
    - - Only partially excavated
      - Plutarch, Pericles 13 Pericles commissioned the construction of an Odeon, roofed concert hall, to the south of the Acropolis n ext to the theatre of Dionysus. He claims that it was an 'exact replication' of the pavillion of Xerxes' tent
      - Vitruvius, de Architectura, book v.9 The Roman Architect Vitruvius comments that the building was used for rehearsals for the Dionysia, and was built from the spoils of Persian ships, including masts.
    - - Below the Acropolis. A square of stones, in the 5th century it was more or less empty with the Panathenaic way running across it
      - Includes key buildings: Strategion, Tholos, Bouleuterion and the law court
      - The Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios a covered porch that was dedicated to Zeus of Freedom, after the Persian wars.
        had the same role as any stoa, a meeting place, a place for advertisement of wares, for shops
      - The temple of Hephaestus and Athena, known as the Hephaestion whuch overlooks the whole area
      - Pausanias, Description of Greece On the other side of the Hephaestion was the Kerameikos which was an area wgere many potters worked. They of course, took their inspiration from Hephaestus.
  - - - Temple of Athena Nike (PS)
      - Parthenon Metopes (PS)
      - Athena Promachos (PS)
      - Wealth/ Political
  - - - Plutarch, Pericles 12 Great care was taken in the materials chosen
  - - - Built over another temple, destroyed in the Persian wars
      - built on a promontory, easily seen by passing boats
      - Peripteral Doric style that was traditional
        
        battle of centaurs and lapiths
        
        gigantomachy
        
        the labours of Theseus
      - down the hill from this temple was one to Athena Pausanias description of Greece 1.1 it was in the ionic order with columns on two sides
    - - Plutarch, Pericles three ar=rchutects, Coroebus, Metagenes, and Xenocles. were involved in the work here
      - Herodotus the temple of Demeter at Eleusis was destroyed
    - - women were initiated into the cult before they reached puberty, therefor it was important to them.
      - designed to display votive offerings to Artemis. The columns were placed more widely apart than normal for the Doric order.
    - - work on the temple interrupted by the Peloponnesian wars
      - Agorakritos, Pausanias, Description states the Persian invaders at Marathon brought with them Parian marble to set up a victory monument, but that this marble would be used instead by Pheidias to make the monument
- - - - 492 BC Mardonius' Expedition
        
        Herodotus tells us of Darius-led Mardonius leading a large fleet, crossing the Hellespont into Greece.
        The 'object of the expeditions' was to punish Athens and Eretria for assisting in the Ionian revolt.
        Suggests the Persians intended to capture as much territory as they could including Thasos, a wealthy island
        They returned to Asia in disgrace having had three hundred ships with over 20 thousand men dashed against the rocks and being attacked by the Brygi
      - 491 Darius Demands Submission
        
        Herodotus Darius sent heralds to demand that all Greek cities give a tribute of earth and water.
        Told the Ionian Greek cities to begin sending troops to mount an invasion force
        Many cities submitted ot the Persians including the economic power, Aegina, which was at war with Athens
        Athens and Sparta threw their heralds into a pit and well
      - Minor Source- Naqŝ-e Rustam. A carving intended for Darius I's tomb, with the leader depicted with Ahuramazda above all the conquered people
        contains inscryptions which make no mention of the invasion into Greece
      - Herodotus' reasons for invasion ‘
        While Athens and Aegina were at each other throats, the king of Persian continued to mature his plans. His servant never failed to repeat to him the worlds ‘Remember Athens’; the Pisistratidae, with their slanderous attaches upon the Athenians, were still with him, and besides, he himself was anxious to have an excuse to conquer all the Greek communities which refused to give earth and water. In
        consequence of the ill success of his previous expedition, he relieved Mardonius of his command ad appointed other generals, whom he proposed to send against Eretria and Athens, Datis, a Mede, and his own nephew, Artaphernes, son of the other Artaphernes, and their orders were to reduce Athens and Eretria to slavery and to bring the slaves before the King’.
      - 494 Darius' Invasion
        
        Herodotus Histories 6.95
        600 triremes strong force, gathered on the Aleian plain in southern Asia Minor, set sail to Samos in Ionia to avoid Mount Athos
        
        Herodotus Histories 6.96
        Once they arrived at Naxos all caught Naxians were enslaved and then they burnt the city 'temples and all'
        
        Herodotus 6.97
        Datis sailed ahead of his force for Delos, and told them he would spare the home of Apollo and Artemis. He gave 3 hundred talents' weight of frankincense at the temple altar.
        
        Herodotus Histories 6.98
        Datis then sailed for Eretria. Delos suffered an earthquake which Herodotus states an oracle interpreted as a sign of the troubles to come.
        
        Herodotus 6.100
        Eretria appealed to Athens, who sent 400 troops. Aechines, a leading Eretrian, warned the Athenians to leave which they did.
        
        Herodotus 6.101
        Eretria was besieged for 6 days and on the 7th two Eretrians betrayed the city and the Polis was destroyed as revenge for Sardis
        
        Battle of Marathon
        
        Herodotus 6.102
        Hippias advised the invading army that Marathon would be a good landing spot as it was close to Eretria and had the best ground for cavalry to manoeuvre on. On arrival the Athenians hurried to meet them.
        
        Pheidippides
        
        Herodotus 6.103-5
        Pheidippides was a messanger who ran to Spaera to ask for help. On the way Herodotus claims he met Pan who asked why the Athenians paid no heed to him. The Athenians later built a shrine to Pan under the Acropolis.
        
        Herodotus 6.106
        Pheidippides reached the Spartans in one day. The Spartans were willing to send aid but couldn't until the full moon according to their laws.
        
        Herodotus Histories 6.107
        Hippias dreamt of sleeping with his mother, meaning he would return to Athens in power and die old.
        But, on arrival, he coughed so hard he flung a tooth at the Athenian soil which he could not find. He lamented that this was the meaning of the dream, the only part of Athens that was his, belonged to his tooth.
    - - Herodotus, Simonides epitaph
        Tell them in Lacedaemon, passer-by
        That here, obedient to their word, we lie,
  - - - Final Years
        
        Thucydides 1.112
        The Spartans marched in 448 on Delphi, took control of the Sanctuary and gave it to the Delphians.
        when they left the Athenians returned control of the sanctuary to the Phocians
        
        Thucydides 1.113
        The Boetian revolt then occured
        Athens sent 1000 hoplites
        on victorious return, army was defeated at Coronea
        Athens signed a treaty to regain their prisoners but gave up Boetia in return.
        
        Thucydides 1.114
        Euboea next revolted from the league and Pericles took control
        Megara then revolted and asked the Peloponnesians to attack
        under king Pleistonanax a force invaded Attica but retreated
        
        Thucydides 5.16
        Much later it's revealed Pleistonanax was exiled as he was bribed to retreat from Attica
        
        Plutarch, Pericles 23.1
        Plutarch says Pericles paid Pleistonanax, he was paying for peace as well as for time to prepare the Athenians for war.
        
        THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN
        
        Thucydides1.104
        In the 460s, Inaros, a Libyan prince
        He siezed 2/3s of Memphis and the lower Nile, asking Athens for help.
        The Persians would attempt to pay the Spartans to attack the Athenians, but were unsuccesful.
        The Persians would succeed in 454 by sending a force under Megabazus.
        
        Thucydides 1.109-10
        After 18 months under siege the Persians would drain the water around the island taking it and the 250 ships as well as the relief force of 50 triremes which was also defeated
        Financially very constly for the Athenians
        
        Thucydides 1.112
        During the 5 year peace with the Peloponnesians the Athenians would send a 200 ships to Cyprus, they won a battle off Salamis (different from battle Salamis) but Cimon died
        
        Peace of Callias
        
        Not mentioned by Thucydides
        
        Diodorus Siculus, Universal History 12.2
        Victories against the Persians 'compel them to make an agreement to free all the cities of Asia'
        
        Dio, Sic, UH 12.4
        The Athenians sent an embassy under Callias in 449/450,
        the terms were that the asiatic greeks would be autonomous with no satrap in 3 days' journey of the Greeks, no ship would sail west of Phaselis.
        Greeks would not attack Persians, and Cyprus would be evacuated of Greeks.
        
        it's fake
        
        Harpokration, s.v. Attikois grammasi
        
        ‘Theopompos in book 25 of his History of Philip says that the treaty with the Persians is a fake, being written up not in the Attic but in the Ionic alphabet.’
        
        a commentator on Theopompos (380-315), Harpokration was (2nd Century CE). It is a history
        
        Plutarch, Pericles 13.4-5
        ‘This deed [Cimon’s victory at Eurymedon] so humbled the King’s pride that he made that famous peace, in which he promised that he would always keep a horse’s journey from the Greek sea and not sail inside [west of] the Kyanean and Khelidonian islands with a long and bronze-beaked ship [i.e. a warship]. Yet Kallisthenes denies that the Persians made a treaty on these conditions, but says that because of the fear inspired by that defeat they acted as if such a peace was in force and kept so far away from Greece that Pericles with fifty ships and Ephialtes with just thirty could sail beyond the Khelidonians without any barbarian fleet meeting them. But Krateros in his collected of decrees includes a copy of the treaty as one that was made. And they say that the Athenians put up an altar of peace because of this treaty, and gave special honour to the ambassador Kallis’
        
        Herodotus 7.151
        'This is borne out, some of the Greeks say, by the tale of a thing which happened many years afterwards. It happened that while Athenian envoys, Callias son of Hipponicus, and the rest who had come up with him, were at Susa, called the Memnonian, about some other business, the Argives also had at this same time sent envoys to Susa, asking of Xerxes' son Artoxerxes whether the friendship which they had forged with Xerxes still held good, as they desired, or whether he considered them as his enemies. Artoxerxes responded to this that it did indeed hold good and that he believed no city to be a better friend to him than Argos.’
        
        Delian Treasury moved
- - - - context
        
        420s BC
        
        educated by famous sophist philosophers, Gorgias and Prodicus and was a teacher of rhetoric
        
        his most famous work Against Sophists
      - Tells us how Athenians worships. They have temples & altars. Chthnonic gods less important
      - Anti-sophist so might be overly religious to argue
    - - Argues that Helen of Troy - who was often held as responsible for the Trojan war after she left her husband, Menelaus, could not have been responsible as she might have been persuaded by the gods, physical force, love, or speeh. In all four she was the weaker party so it was not her volition.
      - Date: 483-376
      - Genre: Rhetoric Display Speech
      - reliable
        
        to show that rhetoric is persuasive and impactful, because its a display speech
        
        may not believe what he says, showing that women have a lower status
    - - Hippias Major
        
        Dialogue on the nature of beauty between Hippias of Ellis and Socrates
        
        Genre: Philosophical Dialogue
        
        Hippias claims to be master of many things e.g. Mathematicians but has limited knowledge and is vain
        
        Argues that teaching by 'old sages' is unpaid but that sophists made a lot of money
        
        Hippias boasts that he earns more money than any two other sophists put together
      - Protagoras
        
        Genre: Philosophical Dialogue
        
        Plato allows the sophists to defend themselves by saying they merely do what all artists do, teach for money
        
        reliable for Plato/ Socrates' view but again highly anti-Sophist
      - Gorgias
        
        Depicts a group of sophists at a dinner table debating Socrates. They debate rhetoric.
        
        480BC ish
        
        Genre: Philosophical Dialogue
      - Reliable element of truth, likely, but highly critical of the Sophists
      - Date 427-348
      - Follower of Socrates, sets up "The Lyceum" hates the Sophists, blames them for the death of Socrates
    - - The Rhetoric
        
        Genre: Philosophical Treatise
        
        He seeks to 'save' rhetoric from the abuse of the sophists, says it can be used for good
        
        criticises the sophists for making bad arguments appear better
      - 384-322
    - - Memorabilia
        
        sophists are prostitutes of the mind
    - - Mytilene debate outlines the consequences of the misuse of rhetoric and wielded by Kleon
    - - Pericles 36
    - - Date: 423 BC
      - Genre: Comedy
      - Satirises Socrates, Socrates represents all sophists
      - Socrates argues the gods aren't real
      - Sophists teach a man's son to argue rhetoric, the son argues out of gambling debts, but then argues that children can beat their parents. The father burns down the sophist's lecture building.
- - - - After the battle of Actium Augustus returned from the east in 31 BC and spent several years establishing the Principate with himself as the Princeps
      - constitutional settlements of 27 and 23BC are where he formalised his position as Princeps and as the leader of Rome
    - - SUET. AUG. 17 The Senate declares Anthony the enemy of Rome and he was beaten at Actium where he and Cleopatra committed suettonicide.
        Augustus (Octavian) made this into a propaganda victory, it was included on a victory inscription and in poetry from Virgil, Aeneid 8.671-731 and Horace, Ode 1.37
      - SUET. AUG. 18 Founded Nikopolis and installed games every 5 years
      - Minor Source Victory Monument Celebrating Actium 28BC, Nikopolis
        
        Caesar, son of the deified [Julius, having won] a naval victory in the war which he waged on behalf of the state in this region, [dedicated] to Neptune [and] Mars the camp, decorated with spouls, [from] which he set out to pursue [the enemy], as consul for the fifth time and hailed imperator seven times, once peace had been achieved by land [and sea].
      - SUET. AUG. 22 following his victory in Dalmatia, off Actium, upon returning, he held a triple triumph celebration
        The triple triumph was also recorded in Denarius of Augustus
        capture of Egypt denarius
        capture of Armenia aureus
        Cass. Dio. Roman History 51:21 During the triple triumph he gave gifts to his soldiers and commanders with a dark blue flag to celebrate the naval victories of Agrippa. He also gave the populace 400 sesterces causing them to celebrate like he had triumphed against foreigners
        Minor Source Triumphal Arch of Octavian 29 BC The Senate and People of Rome [set this up] in honour of Imperator Caesar, son of the Deified, consul five times, designated consul for a sixth time, imperator seven times, to commemorate the preservation of the state.
      - Capitalisation on military victory for the purpose of propaganda
      - Res Gestae The temple of Janus closed its doors (indicating peace time) 3 times during the reign of Augustus, despite having only closed them twice since the foundation of Rome prior
      - Ara Pacis 9BC built as an 'altar to Augustan Peace'
      - FAILURES
        
        Suet. AUG. 23 9CE Teutoberg forest 20,000 troops were wiped out and Varus committed suicide.
      - Res Gestae Reform of Army Introduced fixed service and established Praetorian guard
      - Res Gestae 26 Extension of the Pomerium following military conquests
    - - CASS. DIO. RH 52.4 Agrippa outlines his understanding that people 'will not consent to be ruled forever by the same person
      - CASS. DIO. RH 53.11 Augustus set aside all his powers for the senate and the people but the senate pushed for him ti have monarchical powers and he agreed on the insistence
      - Honours
        
        Res Gestae Aug also granted titles like
        imperator 30BC
        Princeps 27BC
        Consul 31-23 BC
        
        Res Gestae 34, CASS. DIO. RH 53.16.1-17.6 His door could be decorated with laurel, the award of the civic crown, the award and display of the shield of virtue, and the recognition of his auctoritas
        
        CASS. DIO. RH 53.16.7 Octavian was titled "Augustus" "revered one" by the senate, he toyed with Romulus but decided against it
        
        Minor Source
        
        Aureus depicting the civic crown 27BC Shows his face on one side and the civic crown award on the other
        
        CASS DIO. RH 53.32 Aug was Imperium procunsulare maius meaning he was commander of any army, the most authority, this title could be inherited.
        
        Res Gestae 10 Aug given Tribunician Potestas or the power of a tribune, so he could propose legislation tothe Senate and veto its edicts
      - REDISTRIBUTION OF PROVINCES
        
        CASS DIO. RH 52.12-13 Frontier provinces given to Augustsus for a 10 year period, peaceful given to senate, This gave him control of the army at the frontier. Peaceful provinces were ran by the senate. Gaul, Iberia, Syria, were Aug's so he 'posessed arms and controlled the troops'
      - Res Gestae 34.3 Augustus claimed to have no more power than any other magistrate in his position
        Velleius, Hist of Rome 2.89 Velleius claims Aug brought back the ancient form of Republic
      - TAC, Annals 1.2.1 Augustus could draw the powers of the 'senate, magistrates , and laws' to himself
      - Velleius, H of Rom 2.89 'force was restored to the laws, authority to the courts, majesty to the senate.'
      - MINOR SOURCE Aureus of Augustus 28BC the head of Augustus on one side, Augustus as magistrate on other side + inscryption he has restored to the Roman People their laws and rights
      - REVISION OF THE SENATE ROLL, Res Gestae 8. 25 he imposed greater property qualification for (400,000 sesterces) to be a senator, so reduced the amount of Senators from 1,000 under J Caesar to 600 in 18BC
      - SUET, AUG 37 He would create new offices to administer public buildings, roads, and aqueducts
        Velleius, 2.89 He added 2 new praetor roles
        Tac, Annals 6.10-11 Senators could also serve as prefect
    - - SUET. AUG. 40. Augustus had a severe attitude to the breeding of Romans with "'Roman stock to be tainted with foreign or servile blood"
      - Res Gestae shows the Julian Laws of 18BC
        
        A husband cannot commit adultery until he divorced his wife, punishments included confiscation of estates
        
        Age limits on marriage to promote children
        
        unmarried cannot inherit from relatives
        
        these laws were not that succesful although his daughter, Julia, and granddaughter, Julia, would be exiled because of them
        Julian Laws relaxed in 9BC by Lex Papia Poppaea
        
        Velleius, 2,89.4 These laws were for the general advantage of the Romans
      - Restoration of the role of Censor performed the census 3 times, as shown in Res Gestae each showing increase in population
      - Religion
        
        Res Gestae 7 he held 7 priesthoods simultaneously including Chief Priest and Augur
        
        Minor Source Denarius showing four priesthoods 16BC associated Augustus with traditional religious images
        
        Cass Dio. RH 53.2 Overall accepting of foreign religions, was accepting to the Jews. Banned worship of Isis and supressed Druidism.
        
        Imperial Cult
        
        Suetonius, Augustus 93 The city of Pergamum was given permission to build a temple to Augustus and Rome in 29BC. Tacitus, Annals 4.37 He would not stand in the way, an imperial cult could unify an empire
        
        Ovid's Fasti 5.140-158 mentions the divine spirit of Augustus worshiped at a crossroads in Rome
        
        Minor Source - Inscription on the altar to the numen of Augustus Narbonne WEST EMPIRE AD12-13 The cult also seems to appear in the western empire
        
        Horace, Odes 1.2 portrays Augustus as Mercury incarnate in order to avenge the death of Julius Caesar and remained to be princeps
        
        Tacitus, Annals 1.10.6 There were no honours left for the gods, now that Augustus chose to be worshipped with temples and godlike images by flamines and priests.
        
        SUET. AUG 31 Augustus would use religion to represent himself as a restorer of tradition, which is correct as he restored many temples, however he would change scripture to fit his own traditions, even editing the sybilline books
      - Building Programme
        
        Res Gestae 20
        restored 82 shrines
        Built Temple of Divine Julius
        Built Mars the Avenger tattoo
      - Panem et Circenses
        
        Res Gestae 22 Revival of the Secular Games in 17BC
      - Held gladiatorial games in his own name 5 times, naval games, and secular games Res Gestae
      - Minor Source- Public Vows Monument for Augustus' safety Denarius The monument on the inscription doesn't exist anymore
    - - SUET.AUG 30 He would divide Rome into 13 districts that would be under the control of a magistrate chosen by lot.
      - Extension of the Pomerium (boundary of Rome) in relation to his conquests Res Gestae 26
      - Suettonius, Augustus Augustus established a firebrigade
      - SUET, AUG 30 Augustus cleared the Tiber channel. which had been blocked, andRes Gestae he took control of the aqueducts in 12BC after Agrippa's Death
      - CASS DIO. RH 52.12-13 Frontier provinces given to Augustsus for a 10 year period, Peaceful given to senate, This gave him control of the army at the frontier. Peaceful provinces were ran by the senate. Gaul, Iberia, Syria, were Aug's so he 'posessed arms and controlled the troops'
      - Minor Source- Edicts of Cyrene 7/6BC Stone tablet containing evidefnce of Augustus personally managing provinces. It concerned jury composition and citizenship in Cynrene in Africa it showed how the existence of the Princeps allowed everyone to direct their concerns to a literal person rather than a faceless authority
      - The Augustan Building Programme
        
        SUET, AUG 28 I found a Rome built of bricks; I leave it made of marble
        
        Res Gestae 18-21
        
        Religion
        Restored 82 shrines and built the Temple of Mars Ultor and Divi Julius
        
        industry
        He improved the grain supply and road networks he paved the Flaminium Way
        
        Built a new senate house in the Roman Forum
        
        Entertainment
        Restored the theatre of Pompey after fire
        Built theatre of Marcelllus
        
        Monuments
        Ara Pacis, Triumphal Arch, Obelisk at Nikopolis
      - SUET. AUG 30 took control of the grain supply after 22BC famine** and after public outcry took control after 6BC's shortage
      - Challenges
        
        Velleius 2.88 Lepidus Plot, Marcus Lepidus plotted to assassinate Augustus, Maecenas discovered the plot and Lepidus was put to death
        
        Suet, Aug 16, 66 Lists numerous conspiracies, Rufus, Cinna, Lepidus, Caepio, and Murena as well as there being sporadic revolts and riots
        
        TAC, Annals 1.2 Increasing culture of flattery towards Aug
        
        Cinna plot MINOR SOURCE Seneca, the younger, On Clemency 55-6 CESeneca wrote a philosophical treatise describing Augustus' clemency to Cinna after the Cinna conspiracy, even making him consul.
      - SUET.AUG 39 Equestrians given horse at public expense, allowed to sit in first 14 rows of theatre and wear purple stripe
  - - - Genre Eulogy/ Apoloogia
        
        Written to describe the legacy that Augustus wanted to maintain. Meant to be spoken aloud to the senate upon his death as well as to be presented to the public
      - Split into 4 sections
        
        Magistracies and Special tributes 1-14
        
        Expenses 15-25
        
        Military and Diplomatic Achievements 23-33
        
        Political Statement/ Conclusion 34-35
      - Medium
        
        On bronze tablets set up outside his mausoleum on his death. Due to being an inscription it was concise with its language. Also distributed and found in places like Ancyra, Apollonia, and Antioch also in the imperial archives so some like Suettonius would have read them.
      - Does not name controversial actions
        
        Labels enemies in the civil war as a "faction"
        
        Omits Varus' loss of a legion at Teutoberg, in Germania
        
        Emphasises Republican actions e.g. Consulship but omits his tribunician protestas and imperium
    - - S was an equestrian so didn't enter the senate therefor he did not share the views of most upper class members
      - Hadrian's Secretary so he wanted to show the Julio Claudian's lineage as inferior to the Antonine's adoptive family
      - Had access to Imperial Archives but also relied on court gossip and anecdotes
      - The Twelve Caesars
        
        Genre Biography- focuses on personal life, ignores politics e.g. invasion of Britain
    - - Roman History
        
        Written over the course of 80 books, though many are lost to us we have a complete coverage of 68BC-47CE it covers the entire Augustan reign
        
        GENRE Ancient History
        
        written in the style of Thucydides so he attempted to chronicle what happened with some caution although adding rhetoric, narrative, and speeches
        
        BIAS Likened Augustus to Septimius Severus who restored order after a civil war Dio lived through the reign of Severus' son, Caracalla who was a military despot so was critical of the imperial system
      - Context
        
        Born in Bithynia around 150AD and re-located to Rome in about 180AD
        
        Two consulships, proconsul of Africa and Pannonia, and was a member of the senate
        
        Worked with senate proceedings, Suettonius, and Tacitus and some lost sources + made comments on the authenticity of sources
    - - Context
        
        Genre Universal History
        
        often brief, focuses on highlights and characters. Less critical than Dio and uses a highly rhetorical style
        
        BIAS Owed his career to Augustus and Tiberius Was a military tribune in Thrace and Macedon and under Gaius Caesar in the east also served as legate in Pannonia and reached the rank of praetor
      - History of Rome is divided into two books from the destruction of Troy to 30CE he devotes half a book to Augustus' reign
      - Draws upon lost sources like Livy as well as eyewitnesses and personal anecdotes
    - - Born AD56 in either Cisalipine Gail or Narbonensis as an upper class provincial
      - Became a member of the Roman senate under Domitian (81-96) Domitian's reign was marked by tyrrany and many of Tacitus' acquaintances were killed.
      - Governor of Asia from 112-113
      - In AD 97 during the reign of Nerva became consul
      - Works
        
        Genre Ancient Historian - e.g. rhetoric but trying to be accurate
        
        He would selectively choose information to suit his narrative
        
        Annals is Julio Claudians
        Histories is Flavians
        Agricola is Roman Britain
        
        Had access to written documents of the time, however may have also used unverifiable rumours
        
        Criticises the Julio Claudians as proxy for Domitian
    - - The earliest surviving testimony of the events described which use at least one contemporary (Roman?) source for Gaius. He is a Jewish historian concerned with Gaius' request to erect a statue in the temple, and also a Flavian historian serving Vespasian and Titus, he is unlikely to be kind to Gaius
      - GENRE HISTORY
  - - - To what extent and for what reason did the emperors attempt to improve the lives of the inhabitants of the city of Rome?
      - 'Augustus was the most adept emperor at administering the city of Rome' How far do you agree with this view?
      - 'Augustus was the most succesful emperor in gaining the support of the people of Rome' How far do you agree with this view?
      - How succesful were the emperors in establishing an Imperial cult in the empire?
      - To what extent do the sources support the view that the emperors of this period provided effective administration of the city of Rome
        
        CASS DIO, RomHis 59.9, 59.28 Allegedly spent 575,000,000 denarii in under a year, the surplus built up by miserly Tiberius. Therefor he implemented new and greater taxation, this caused the plebs to storm the Circus Maximum
        
        SUET. AUG 30 took control of the grain supply after 22BC famine** and after public outcry took control after 6BC's shortage
        Suettonius argues that Augustus provided good administration, taking control of the grain supply during a famine, but also that the people recognised this and demanded him to take control of it again
    - - To what extent do the sources support the view that the emperors of this period provided effective administration of the city of Rome? (30)
      - ‘The emperors of this period mostly failed to maintain good relations with the ordinary people of Rome.’ How far would you agree with this view? (30)
      - ‘The aim of the emperors throughout this period was to concentrate all power in their own hands.’ How far do the sources support this view? (30)
      - How consistent were the attitudes of the Julio-Claudians towards the Imperial Cult? (30)
      - How successful were the emperors in establishing an Imperial Cult in the Empire? (30)
      - To what extent did the emperors of this period successfully manage their succession? (30)
      - ‘The emperors of this period dealt with revolts and rebellions successfully’. To what extent do you agree with this view? (30)
      - ‘The emperors prioritised the administration of Rome over the provinces’. How far do you agree with this view? (30)
      - How far do the sources provide us with reliable portrayals of the emperors and their actions during this period? (30)
  - - - Born AD56
    - - Tacitus, Annals 1.10 Augustus was forced to adopt 'arrogant' and 'savage' Tiberiys to make himself look good by a way of contrast of extreme wickedness
      - Suet. Tiberius 29, 33 Tiberius showed excessive courtesy to the senate at first. After the death of his son, Drusus he showed them he was 'real ruler of the Empire'
      - Velleius 2.126 he is best of emperors
      - TAC, Annals 1.6 Upon Tiberius gaining Augustus' inheritable titles he immediately put Agrippa Postumous to death Postumous was Augustus' adopted grandson, who had been banished for vulgar behaviour
      - TAC, ANN 1.7 Called the Senate to the curia to discuss Augustus' honours but else where had already sent lettersto the army of his confirmation as Princeps
      - Acceptance of Titles
        SUET, TIB 24 Tiberius at first refused the iffer to power Suettonius calls this recusatio imperii, a farce
        Suet, Tib 26 He accepted the title of Princepsbut refused Imperator, Pater Patriae, and use of the civic crown
      - Rebellions
        Tacitus 1,16-18 and 1.28-35 Mutinies in Pannonia and the Rhine. Two rebellions of the troops dissatisfied with conditions in the army.Tiberius sent Germanicus to the Rhine and Drusus to Pannonia
        Tacitus, Annals 1.46. Says thesee rebellions show his weakness as he sent two 'boys' to deal with them showing his inexperience.
        Velleius 2.125 Says that his experience as an army general is what let him deal so efficiently with the rebels
    - - Germanicus
        
        TAC, ANN, 1.3.5 Germicus is sent to quell the rebellion in the Rhine, the legions state their willingness to support Germanicus' ascension to the throne "if he so desires it"
        
        TAC, ANN 2.59-60 Germanicus enters Egypt without permission and opens the grain supplies without permission, a transgression against Tiberius
        
        Tac, ANN 2.69-71 Germanicus learns that all the orders he gave his legions, the governor of Syria, Piso, reversed. Germanicus fell ill and died believing Piso had poisoned him. He told his wife not to anger those in power.
        
        Velleius130.3-5 Makes passing comments on the cruel stroke of fortune that Germanicus died
        
        TAC, ANN 1.3 One of Augustus' conditions for adopting Tiberius was that he would, in turn, adopt Germanicus
      - Sejanus
        
        TAC, ANN 4.1 Sejanus is sexually perverse, lavish excesses, is power hungry, and is able to manipulate Tiberius.
        
        TAC, ANN 4.3 Sejanus implicated in the death of Drusus, Tib's son, by seducing Tib's wife Livilla and using her to poison him
        
        TAC, ANN 4.39-40 After the death of Drusus Sejanus attempted to marry Livilla, but was rejected by Tiberius
        
        Suettonius, Tib 39-41 + Tac, Ann 4.41 Sejanus succeeds in convincing Tiberius to retire to Campania in 25 AD and Capri in 26 AD making himself the centre of power in Rome
        This made him the authority in Rome
        
        Suet, Tiberius 61 By 31AD Sejanus was persecuting the sons of Germanicus, Nero and Drusus, hiw wife Apicata abandoned him and allegedly informed Tiberius of his involvement in Drusus' death
        S.TIB 65 Tiberius offered Sejanus Livia;s marriage, consulship, and power of tribune, as a trap to charge him with treason
        
        Velleius 2.127-8 V's account is amusingly glowing, "distinguished assistant to Tiberius" that "shared the burdens of office" it was written before Sejanus' downfall
      - The Treason Trials (Maiestas)
        
        Tacitus accounts about 80 treason trials, including Annals 2.73, 3.50, 3.70, 4.20, 4.30-1, 6.18-9 One of Tactitus' main issues with the Julio Claudians is the Maiestas, due to living under Domitian
        
        Tiberius sat in on the trials, and the senate often did what they thought would please him. - Delatores, the private lawyers at the trials, earned 1/4 of the repossessed goods so were incentivised to find the accused guilty - The law was written vaguely, any word that harmed Tiberius could be a crime.
        
        MINOR SOURCE - Seneca, the younger, on benefits. Intended for Nero to read possibly as warning to not act in such a way
        Under Tiberius Caesar treason charges became so commonplace that they amounted to a form of national madness and cost the lives of more Roman citizens than any civil war. Drunken conversation and light-hearted jokes became the targets of informers; nothing was safe, any excuse for brutality was welcome, and no one waited to discover the fate of an accused - it was always the same.
        
        86 trials. 30+ acquitted. 18 executions
      - Revolts
        
        Revolt of Tacfarinas TAC ANN 2.52, 3.20-21, 3.32, 3.73-74 Tacfarinas was a Roman Numidian Deserter who employed guerilla tactics.
        15-24 AD
      - SUET, TIB He apparently swam with babies swimming after him and kissing him.
        He also apparently thwacked a fisherman with a fish, then when the fisherman said "Phew I'm glad I didn't fetch the lobster." To which he sent for the lobster
      - Germanicus
        
        Piso
    - - With Upper Classes
        
        Suet, Tib 26-27 He vetoed statues to disrupt the imperial cult, and refused the titles of Imperator and Pater Patriae which the nobility would find offensive
      - Administration
        
        Suet, Tib 26-27 He transferred the election of magistrates to the Senate, made them the sole legislative body and the chief criminal court
        
        SUET, TIB 48 Rebuilt the Caelian Hill after a fire and donated money to the people of Asia Minor after an earthquake
        
        TAC, ANN 2.87 He secured the grain supply and fixed prices to make it affordable during shortages. He also compensated sellers with 2 sesterces per bushel (a bushel is like 35.3867 litres)
        
        Velleius 2.129 Frames the building of the Temple of Augustus and restoration of the theatre of Pompey as lavish expenditure bro he isn't going to !#@ you stop glazing
      - With Senate
        
        TAC, ANN 3.65 Apparently Tiberius used to run out of the Curia shouting MEN FIT TO BE SLAVES in greek
        
        TAC, ANN 1.72 The resurrection of the Maiestas only made the senate more servile
        
        TAC, ANN, 3.60-64 Tiberius attempted to include the senate in his ruling by inviting them to hear provincial petitions from places like Ephesus and Magnesia
        TAC, ANN 3.35 When a revolt broke out in Africa, he asked them who should be goernor as it was a Senatorial province. The senate deferred to Tiberius. Tiberius offered them a choice between Lepidus and Blaesus (Sejanus' uncle) and supposedly they chose Blaesus due to his connections to Tiberius... how insufferable.
      - With Plebians
        
        SUET, TIB 47-6 He 'did not show large scale generosity more than twice' and he had 'no magnificent public works'
        
        SUET, TIB 75 Supposedly, when he dies, the populace of Rome cry out To the Tiber with Tiberius!
        
        SUET, TIB 34 Reduced the pay of actors, limited the amount of gladiatorial games, even banned promiscuous kissing
      - With Equestrians
        
        Tacitus, Ann Tiberius reduced the sales tax on traded goods. He also fixed a money shortage by giving a hundred million sesterces to established banks, for interest-free 3 year state loans what a guy
  - - - SUET, GAY 13-14
        A 'dream come true' for the Roman people. As well as being popular with the provinces and with the army thanks to his appearance on campaign as a child
      - SUET, GAY 18-20
        He held a series of events and contests and games, scattering vouchers for gifts to the entire audience, some of these at night so the whole city was illuminated.
      - CASS. DIO, RomHist 59:3
        He re-unified the family by adopting Gemellus as his heir He also gave his granmother Antonia the title of Augusta and brought the bones of his mother and brother back to Rome.
      - SUET, GAY 22
        'So much for Gaius the Emperor; the rest of this history must deal with Gaius the Monster'
      - CASS DIO, RomHis 59.4
        Initially Gaius forbade the setting up of any images of himself to start. He also refused a vote to sanction that sacrifices be made for his fortune
    - - Admin
        
        CASS DIO, RomHist 59.9 Helped those in need after a fire. Published accounts of public funds
        
        MINOR SOURCE- Pliny, Natural History Gaius began working on carious aqueducts including the Anio Novus
      - CASS DIO, RomHis 59.9, 59.28 Allegedly spent 575,000,000 denarii in under a year, the surplus built up by miserly Tiberius. Therefor he implemented new and greater taxation, this caused the plebs to storm the Circus Maximum
      - plebians
        
        CASS DIO, RomHist 59.9 Returned the election of the magistracies to the plebs
        
        SUET, GAY 37
        Scatterred largesse from the bassilica to the people below
        
        CASSDIO 59.9
        Returned the election of magistracies to the plebians
        
        JOSEPHUS, Jewish Antiquities 19.24-25
        Hearing people petitioning for reduced taxation he would refuse the petitions and would gather those who spoke out from the crowd and execute them
        
        MINOR SOURCE Quadrans of Gaius 39AD
        Dated after his 'madness' commemorates the removal of the 0.5% auction tax. By using a low value quadrans he is appealing to the people (plebians) however, the depiction of a pileus is an exaggeration.
      - Cruelty
        
        CASSDIO, ROMHIS 59.19
        Reintroduction of Maiestas and brandishing of evidence he'd claimed to have burned
        
        SUET, GAY, 27-33
        List of Cruelty
        -When running out of meat from butchers he used criminals
        -made parents attend their children's executions, one time inviting a father to dinner after
        -during executions he would have multiple small wounds inflicted claiming make him feel like he is dying
        -would declare senators to be friends of Sejanus and produce papers he'd claimed to have burned
      - Equetrians
        
        CASSDIO, ROMHIS 59.9
        Introduced new members into the depleted equestrians and granted some access to senatorial garb before attaining magistracies
        
        SUET GAY 20
        He was constantly displeased with the Eques for always attending theatre and games
    - - Moderation
        
        DIO Moderation on accession, he forbade the setting of images of him, he refused a vote to have sacrifices for his function
        
        DIO
        He did get permission from the senate to build the temple to himself at the Palatine hill
      - Arrogance
        
        SUETGAY 37
        He would spend 27million sesterces a year to do 'only the impossible'' public works
        -would drink pearls dissolved in vinegar
        
        Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 19.4 He adressed Jupiter as his brother and accepted honours no longer appropriate for mortal men
        
        Dio later he would pretend to be many gods like Neptune
    - - SUET GAY 43-48
        Gaius took his soldiers to the crossing for Britain but they refused to make the crossing
        he ordered they throw spears to the sea then extract seashells
    - - People involved
        
        SUET, CLAUD 10
        It was an extraordinary accident that Claudius was found hiding behind some curtains on a balcony, and the praetorians who killed Gaius heralded him the new princeps
        
        CASSDIO 59.29
        Corelius Sabinus, another praetorian tribune, Callistus (an imperial freedman),
        and Marcus Arrecinus Clemens The Praetorian Prefect
      - Josephus, Jew Antiquities 19.17
        Cassius Chaerea, along with Lucius Annius Vinicianus a senator were heads of conspiracy
      - motivation
        
        Minor Source Seneca, On Firmness of Purpose: After 41 CE, most likely 55-9 – a didactic treatis
        By contrast the military tribune, Chaerea had a limp manner of speech, which belied his outstanding military record; his voice was quiet and, if you did not know his record, you might have had your doubts about him. When on duty he had to ask Gaius for the password, to which Gaius (himself dressed in see-through dress, sandals, and gold accessories) would give him “Venus” or “Priapus”, as if seeking to suggest in one way or another that this military hero was a lecherous effeminate. Rather than having to go on asking for the password in this way, Chaerea was driven by him to employ cold steel. He was the first of the conspirators to strike, with one blow cutting off the emperor’s head. After that, from every side sword thrusts rained in upon him from men seeking vengeance for past insults, public and private. But the first to strike had been the man who seemed least likely of all to do it.
    - - titles
        
        CASSDIO, ROMHIS 59.3,
        SUET, GAY 14
        Gaius was offered every available title without refusal including Imperium and Tribune which he had not previous acquired
      - senate
        
        CASSDIO, ROMHIS 59.19
        Reintroduction of Maiestas and brandishing of evidence he'd claimed to have burned
  - - - The Great Fire
        
        TAC, ANN 15.38 The Great Fire of Rome was caused by chance. Tacitus says that the buildings of Rome were susceptible to fire, people were also too selfish and stoked the fire in order to loot afterwards
        Suettonius, Nero 38 The Great Fire of Rome was caused by Nero
        
        The Domus Aurea This is a huge golden set of structures up to 120ft high. according to Suetonius, Nero 31
        Tacitus, Annals 15. 43 Tacitus would commend his rebuilding efforts. They were well planned and built to regulation.
        Nero also offered financial assistance and bounties for the building of houses.
      - Senate
        
        TAC, ANN 14.14 Nero would humiliate members of famous houses who fell on hard times by calling them to sing
        
        TAC, ANN 14.13 The senate seemed to tolerate Nero, despite his viciousness, they even met him in festive garb following the announcement of Agrippina's death
      - Equestrians
        
        SUETT, NERO 20 Some Equestrians were chosen to be instructed in Alexandrian methods of applause to provide it when he sang and played his lyre. They were paid 400 gold pieces if they did this
      - Plebians
        
        SUETT, NERO 11, 22 He put in an immense variety of entertainment, including chariot-racing, stage plays, his own singing and lyre-playing
        
        MINOR SOURCE sestertius of Nero depicts the emperor with the orefect if the corn dole behind him
      - SUET, NeroDuring a grain famine he ordered wrestlers for his own amusement instead of more grain instead of more grain so the plebs vandalised his statues
    - - SUET, NERO 10 Nero is said to be following Augustus as he never missed an opportunity of being generous or merciful
      - SUET Nero gave gifts to the people of Rome; 40 gold pieces to the plebs, up to 5,000 gold piece salaries for senators, and gave the Praetorians a free grain dole
      - TAC, ANN, 12.69 On his accession he arranged for funeral rites for Claudius on the scale of Augustus and deified Claudius.
    - - SUET, NERO, 22,34 Philhellenist
        Nero takes a 2 year trip to Greece and participates in the Eleusinian Mysteries. He is a Philhellenist which is criticised as being a lack of regard for Roman values.
      - Extravagance
        
        SUET, NERO 26-27
        He would hots feasts from noon to midnight, he would have brothels erected on his cruises in the Bay of Baia.
        He forced his friends to host parties e.g. a 40,000 gold piece turban part
        
        SUET, NERO 31 The Colossus of Nero
        He built the 120ft bronze statue of himself at the centre of the city next to the Domus Aureus
        
        TAC, ANN 14.14 HE SUNG AND RACED
        It was an old desire of his to stand in the racer of a four-horse team, and no less foul enthusiasm to sing the lyre as if at the games
        
        MINOR SOURCE- Bronze Coin of Nero as a Lyre Player
        Low denomination so would reach the plebs
      - Weakness
        
        TAC, ANN 12.65-9 Agrippina controlled him through sex
        
        Nero and Agrippina on AUREUS 54 BC
      - His dad was Suetonnius "a man loathsome in every respect"
    - - TAC ANN She controls him with sex
        
        Tacitus, Annals She detains britannicus in his room while Nero is declared emperor
        
        Nero and Agrippina on Aureus
        
        They're equal
        
        TAC, ANN, Nero kills her with a boat
      - Poppaea
        
        TAC Nero kills her with a kick to the stomach
        
        DIO AND TAC Both say that she encourages his rage
        
        Josephus she is a political figure of importance
      - Statilina Messalina
        
        SUET He had to murder her husband to wed her
        
        politically convenient
      - Claudia Octavia
        
        Disliked as Nero wanted to wed Poppaea but Agrippina wouldn't let the marriage be dissolved. Nero accused her of sexual outrages and exiled her to Pandateria, had her murdered in 62 CE
    - - In the 2nd half of Nero's reign there was
        DIO/ TAC, AGRICO Boudiccan revolt 61AD
        Judea would revolt in 66AD
        
        CassDio, RomHis 63:22:1 The Gallic revolt under Gaius Julius Vindex
        
        Suetonius, Nero 40 The Gallic Revolt was due to '14 years of Nero's misrule
        
        Dio 63:22:1 Vindex was
        a man strong in physique and shrewd in intelligence, skilled in warfare and not lacking in courage to meet any big challenge. He also had a passionate love of freedom and boundless ambition.
        
        Minor Source Denarius of Vindex 68AD A coin depicting
        Victory standing on a globe, a wreath in her right hand and a palm in her left
        Salvation of the human race
        It also does not have an imperial portrait, showing the republican values of the coin
  - - - SUET, CLAUD 10 It was an extraordinary accident that he was found hiding behind some curtains on a balcony, and the praetorians who killed Gaius heralded him the new princeps
        Once anointed Princeps, Claudius promised each of them he would pay each a donative of 15,000 sesterces
      - SUET, CLAUD 11 After two days of being Princeps he had obliterated all records of the two days during his accession, and issued a general amnesty for the period.
        He did put those involved with Gaius' assassination to death.
        Emphasised the imperial family by having the Senate decree Livia divine honours, he also promoted his links to his brother Germanicus, for example he entered one of his comedies into a competition at Neapolis.
        He also completed the Arch of Tiberius, near Pompey's theatre.
      - Aureus of Claudius (J12b) 41-5 CE
        Depicts him recieving the army, him shaking hands with praetorian guard
      - Letter of Claudius to the Alexandrians (L17) 41 CE
        a papyrus letter from Claudius to the Greek embassy in Egypt. He was writing in response to their congratulations, but also at their request to settle local disputes with the Jews.
    - - Admin
        
        SUET, CLAUD 18
        Imported grain all year round and insured merchants against the loss of their ships on the sea, he also built grain ships with state money
        
        SUET, CLAUD 20
        His works were few but important, emphasising his focus on good admin
        He built a new harbour at Ostia and the aqua claudia which almost doubled the water supply
      - Plebian
        
        SUET, CLAUD 18
        Imported grain all year round and insured merchants against the loss of their ships on the sea, he also built grain ships with state money
        
        SUET, CLAUD 20
        Draining of the Fucine Lake which is described as being hastily done
      - Senate
        
        Tacitus, Annals 11.24
        Included Gauls in the senate
        
        Suettonius apparently executed 35 senators
        
        SUET CLAUD 10
        The writing was on the wall. The senate was subservient to the emperor.The army was more important
      - Military
        
        Minor Source (J3b) Aureus of Drusus 41-5 CE
        
        A coin that celebrated the past successes of Drusus the Elder ‘over Germany’. Used by Claudius to maintain the loyalty of the troops by emphasising his family links to military success.
    - - Provinces
        
        Letter of Claudius to the Alexandrians (L17) 41 CE
        
        a papyrus letter from Claudius to the Greek embassy in Egypt. He was writing in response to their congratulations, but also at their request to settle local disputes with the Jews.
        
        british Campaign
        
        SUET CLAUD, 17
        One single paragraph declaring it was of no great importance
        
        Propaganda
        
        SUET CLAUD 17 Claudius was away for around 6 months and celebrated a 'splendid triumph' on his return with his generals and Messalina
        
        Cippa Inscription 49 CE
        As Augustus had, Claudius extended out the Pomerium with his conquest
      - Rebellion
        
        Tacitus, Annals
        -inherits rebellion in North Africa. Puts it down and splits it in two.
        -Deals with anti-semitism in Alexandria
        East
        -Installs a new Armenian King Mithridates who was good for Rome
        -Thrace and Lycia added to empire
        North
        -Druidism in Gaul banned
        -Expansion up the Rine on Cologne and Trier
        
        Cassius Dio, Roman History 60.14-16
        Another reason for the need of his invasion of Britain in 43 CE. Here after Claudius had Gaius Appius Silanus put to death on the evidence of his wife Messalina. This convinced Camillus to revolt against Claudius but it was short lived. Sufficient troops would not support him and he would commit suicide
        
        While the revolt had little impact it further persuaded Claudius that he needed the support of the army. Dio tells us that he bestowed the titles, ‘Claudian’, ‘Loyal’, and ‘Patriotic’ on the VII and XI Legions for remaining loyal to him. Therefore, he sought a quick campaign that would give the army plunder and glory and further ensure their loyalty to Claudius.
    - - Messalina
        
        Suetonius says she had a competition with a prostitute for who could sleep with the most men
- - - - Dio RomHis 60:19.1 The Atrebates threatened another pro-Roman tribe, led by Verica Dio tells us that Verica had been driven out to Britain by a civil war and had petitioned Claudius to send a force there.
    - - Tacitus, Agricola 13 Augustus told Tiberius that the empire was large enough and consolidation should be imoportant, not conquest
      - Dio RomHis 60:19.1 Verica had been driven out to Britain by a civil war and had petitioned Claudius to send a force there.
      - SUETT. CLAUD 17 Claudius' motivation was his legitimacy as he wanted the honour of a real triumph
      - SUETT, CLAUD 17, 22 He celebrated a triumph of the greatest pomp displaying the naval and civic crown, It was celebrated in games through a recreation of the siege of Oppidum
      - TAC, ANNALS 12.23 Much like Augustus, Claudius extended the pomerium following the conquest
      - Economic
        
        Mela Fertile land also MINOR SOURCE BRONZE STATER OF CUNOBELLINUS
        
        Caesar, Gallic Wars 5.12-14
        they had many cattle, used bronze and hold for their coins, and that tin and iron could found in huge quantities
        
        Strabo Geography
        
        A geography published under Tiberius. He mixed the work of others with his own in his Geography. He never visited Britain and his sources are unclear - possible he was influenced by the official line of the time.
        
        There were 'no advantages' to conquering Britain and it was too remote to be reliable.
        main exports are corn, cattle, gold, silver and iron
        
        Tacitus, Agricola 12-13
        the soil is productive, but can’t grow crops from warmer climates e.g. olives and grapes. It has deposits of mineral such as gold and silver, There are also other valuable produces such as pearls
    - - DIO 60:19.4-5 Tells us that there were four legions and an equal number of auxiliaries in three divisions. However, it is unclear how they were dispersed or where they landed or how.
      - Consolidation of Conquest
        
        Reasons for
        
        Domition's Reentrenchment
        
        Economic
        
        Suettonius was in order to stage games upon accession, war too costly
        
        Suettonius To increase soldier's pay
        
        Suettonius To fund the Domitian building programme
        
        Political
        
        Suettonius Agricola was being considered for governor of Syria
        
        Suettonius Potentially jealous of Agricola's success
        
        (S) Domitian built a triumphal arch to celebrate conquests in Britain
        
        Military Reasons
        
        (S) Only 3 legions needed to maintain the small province
        
        S War in Dacia, needed all the troops he could get
        
        Trajan's reentrenchment
        
        Hadrian's Wall
        
        Reasons for
      - MINOR SOURCE - Inscriptions on the tombstones of Gaius Saufeius, M Petronius, Dannicus Sex, Valerius Genialis and Rufus Sita
    - - Governors
        
        Agricola
        
        He built a fortress at Chester - held by a 2nd legion (Agricola's Lead Pipe)
        
        Battle of Mons Graupis 10,000 Calgacus killed TAC, AGRICOLA
        
        TAC, AGRICOLA He uses auxiliaries to surprise those in the isle of Mona causing them to surrender for peace + the complete subjugation of the Ordovices +Silures Verica
        
        Tacitus, Agricola He built garrusins at Firth-Clyde 81AD
        
        Scapula
        
        Tacitus, AAgricola Died of anxiety lol
        
        He beat the Iceni
        
        Petronis Turpilianus 61-67 AD
        TAC, ANNAL
        Lazy inactivity in the name of peace
      - venutius
        
        Cartimandua's husband
      - Cartimandua
    - - Boudiccan revolt
        
        Minor Source COLCHESTER BURNT LAYER Existing evidence of the sack of Colchester by Boudicca