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Waste Management in Meat and Poultry Processing Industry - Coggle Diagram
Waste Management in Meat and Poultry Processing Industry
1.Introduction
-Definition of Meat: Includes all animal products from cattle, calves, hogs, sheep and lambs( red meat)
-Definition of Poultry: Domesticated bird raised for eggs, meat, and/or feathers (eg chickens, turkeys, geese, quail)
-Major Waste Sources
-Slaughtering process; Produces bones, tendons, skin, internal organs, gastrointestinal content, and blood
-Processing stage; includes deboning, grinding, and product transformation
Waste Generation:
-11.9% of global meat production lost between slaughter and retail ( 2016)
-By-products are often overlooked despite their potential value
2. Impact on Meat Processing to Environment
-High water content;
-Meat waste contains 70-95% water, increasing transport costs.
-Mechanical dewatering complicates disposal due to high organic content in water
-Rapid Autoxidation; High fat-waste oxidizes, releasing foul- smelling fatty acids
Enzymatic Activity:
-Residual enzymes accelerate spoilage
Foof Safety Risks:
-Pathogen transmission ( eg bacteria, viruses, prions)
-Prion diseases (TSEs); Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans
-Prions resist standard disinfection methods and persists in the environment
3. Wastewater Treatment in Meat Industry
Major Sources of Wastewater:
-Carcass washing, evisceration, equipment cleaning
-Stockyards, rendering processes, refrigeration, and staff facilities
Meat wastewater is 5-10 times stronger than domestic sewage, with high nitrogen, phosphorus, and grease levels
Primary Treatment
=Grease Removal
-Grease traps prevent clogging
-Baffled tanks coagulate fats for skimming
=Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
-Removes suspended solids, fats, oil and grease (FOG)
-Uses fine air bubbles to float contaminants
=Chemical Coagulation;
-Uses ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, alum, lime
-pH adjustment causes protein precipitation, followed by flotation or sedimentation
Secondary Treatment
=Biological Treatment
-Removes over 90% of pollutants
-Methods; Lagoons, activated sludge, oxidation ditches, sequencing batch reactors, anaerobic digestion
=Anaerobic Digestion:
-Operates without oxygen, converting organic waste to methane and CO2
-Ideal for high BOD (> 2000 mg/L) wastewater
=Aerobic Digestion:
-Uses oxygen to break down organic matter
-More energy-intensive than anaerobic treatment
=Nitrification & Denitrification
-Nitrification; Converts ammonia-nitrite-nitrate using bacteria
-Denitrification; Converts nitrate- nitrogen gas, preventing water pollution
Tertiary Treatment
-Removes remaining contaminants before discharge
-Ensures wastewater meets environmental standards
4. Solid Waste Management
Waste Classification:
-Type 1 (Vegetable matter): Agricultural residues, rumen content, manure
-Type II ( Animal matter): Meat trimming, offal, bones, tissues
Carcass Disposal Methods:
-Burial: Require atleast 2 feet of soil
-Rendering; Converts waste into fat and protein meal
-Incineration: Burn carcasses to ash (effective against pathogens)
Emergency Disposal (Eg disease outbreak)
-Mass culling required to prevent disease spread
-Example: 2001 Foot & Mouth Disease outbreak led to disposal over 4 million of animals in UK
5. Waste Recovery & Value Addition
=Rendering
-Converts animal waste into stable, valuable products
-Process; Cooking- Moisture removal - Separation into protein meal and fat products
Products:
-Meat& bone meal (MBM)- Animal feed, fertilizer
-Tallow- Used in soap, cosmetics, biodiesel
-Blood Meal - Fertilizer, protein supplement
Blood-Derived Co- Products
=Plasma
-used in sausages, meat emulsifiers
-Iron supplement in food
=Globin
-Improves texture in minced meat, burgers
=Hem
-Used as natural dye
=Non-blood Co Products
-Collagen; Used in edible casings for sausages
-Gelatin; Derived from bones & hides, used in food, pharmaceuticals
-Dehydrated Meats; used in soups, gravies, bouillon
Feathers & Other By- Products
-Feather Meal; 70-80% protein, used in animal feed
-Animal Protein Meals: used in fertilizers and animal nutrition
6.Wastewater Minimization Strategies
-Reducing Holding Pen Waste;
-Shorten animal holding time before slaughter
-Remove manure before washing down
-Blood Collection Optimization;
-Separate drainage for blood to avoid effluent contamination
Efficient Equipment Use:
-Two stage intestine washing reduces water use
-Fine mesh drain covers prevent solid waste entry
Dry Cleaning before washdown:
-Vacuuming sold waste before using water
-Directional spray nozzles save 20% water
Recycling water
-Reuse chiller water for initial washdowns