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Cells & Cellular Organelles - Coggle Diagram
Cells & Cellular Organelles
Organelles in animal & plant cells:
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) & regulates cell activities.
Mitochondria: " Powerhouse " of the cell, generates ATP through cellular respiration.
ER: Rough ER has ribosomes & synthesizes proteins. Smooth ER synthesizes lipids & detoxifies.
Golgi appartutus: Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins for secretion.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down waste & cellular debris.
Chlororplasts: (in plant cells) - Perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy,
Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
Vacoules: Store water, nutrients, water, & larger in plant cells.
Cytoskeleton: Provides strucutural support & helps with cell movement.
Cells & Cellular Transport:
Active transport: Requires ATP & involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient via the transport proteins.
3 types of solutions
Hypotonic: Solutions has fewer solutes than the cell, causing the water to enter the cell (cell may burst).
Isotonic: Solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell, so water enters & exits at equal rates,
Passive transport:
Faciliatated diffusion: Movement of molecules through a membrane with the help of proteins, without energy impact.
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Osmosis: A type of diffusion, specially the movement of water molecules across a membrane,
Hypertonic: A solution has more solutes than the cell, causing water to leave the cell (cell shrinks).
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Endocytosis: Process where the cell engulfs materials by folding their membranous inward.
Exocytosis: Process where the cells expelled materials by merging veicles with the membrane.
Cell Membrane
Hydrophobic: water-repelling (tail of the phosophlpid).
The fluid mosiac model descibes the cell membrane as a flexible, dynamic sstrucute made of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it.
Hydrophilic: water-attracting (head of phosopholpids),
Cell size & surface area (SA)
SA to V ratio is importat for efficient transport across the cell membrane. Larger cells have less SA relative to volume, making transport less efficeint.