Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Dissertation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - public policies depend crucially on the ability of political actors to achieve cooperative outcomes: that is, their ability to strike political agreements and enforce them over time. (What Manwaring and Yashar say about democracy)
      - the characteristics of countries’ PMPs do not depend on a single institutional factor, but rather on the interaction
      - In order to understand these policy outcomes, we focus on the process of discussing, approving, and implementing public policies—the policymaking process (PMP)—and its grounding in political institutions and practices.
      - Rodrik 1995 says that policies succeed
      - What is PMP: The process of discussing, approving, and implementing public policy is referred to as the policymaking process (PMP). In democratic systems such as those in Latin America, these processes play out on a political stage featuring a variety of political actors (or players, in the language of game theory). Players in this game include official state actors and professional politicians (presidents, party leaders, legislators, judges, governors, bureaucrats), as well as business groups, unions, the media, and other members of civil society. These actors interact in different arenas, which may be formal (such as the legislature or the cabinet) or informal (the street), and may be more or less transparent.
        
        Intertemportal transactions (long term) or spot transactions (more opportunitistic and done short term)
        
        Interremporal
    - - Whether the workings of the PMP tend to facilitate or hinder cooperative outcomes in policymaking.
        
        type of features of the PMP that may foster cooperation. These include the number of key political actors, their time horizons and the frequency of their interaction, the nature of the arenas in which they interact, and the availability of enforcement mechanisms that bind them to their commitments.
      - What are the characteristics of the policy? (Dani Rodrik 1995)
        
        Policy credibility
        
        Are the incentive structures stable or do they change?
        
        Do actors expect the incentives to stay the same or change?
        
        How predictable are the incentives? Predictability equates credibility
      - Characteristics of policy
        
        Policy stability (LINKS with Credibility)
        
        Can actors strike interremporal agreements?
        
        Are changes incremental, building on past agreements in consultation with actors. Wether policies respond and adapt to changing economic and political conditions.
        
        Unstable: Wild swings in policy, and no consultation with actors
        
        Policy adaptability
        
        Do opportunities to adapt lead to vast swings in policy? If yes, low
        
        Low when parties are opportunitistic and use windows to radically shift policies, leading to volatile policy environment
        
        Even if stringent laws are in place to protect radical shifts, in essence it restricts adaptability. Therefore, there are bad policy environemnt for extended period and we cannot respond to shocks
        
        Coordination and coherence
        
        Are different different departments coordinating with each other??
        
        Lack of coordination often reflects the noncooperative nature of political interactions. It may occur among different agencies within the central government; between central government and others at the regional or municipal level; or even among agents that operate in different stages of the policymaking process i.e. when on-ground challenges are not factored by poolicy designers
        
        Policy implementation and enforcement
        
        seems like state capacity
        
        Are the implementation bodies equipped to deliver it
        
        Is the judiciary strong, bureaucracies independent to deliver it?
        
        depend on the extent to which policymakers have incentives and resources to invest in policy capabilities. (Political Committment?)
        
        Public regardedness
        
        Do policies deliver benefits to people
        
        Are policies funneled to private parties and friends of govenrment (patronage)
        
        When do policies have these characteristics?
        
        Brazil: Policies on presidential agendas are stable and those dependent
        
        Chile: preferences are not too far apart, veto-player decisions matter
      - How does the PMP work?
        
        Who are the key actors that participate in the PMP? What powers and roles do they have? What are their preferences, incentives, and capabilities? What are their time horizons?What are the main arenas in which they interact, and what are the characteristics of those arenas? What is the nature of the political exchanges/transactions they undertake?
      - Cooperation amongst political actors (impacted by incentive structure)
        
        Cooperation as necessary condition for good characteristics
        
        Is there a high short term payoff in deviating from agreed cooperation? (Intraperiod payoff structure)
        
        Number of political players, the larger, more difficult for cooperation
        
        Individuals in legislative and formal bodies like judiciary interact regularly and are present over a long time period instead of regular replacement
        
        Areans like legislative assemblies are institutionalised enough for bargaining to happen between political leaders, or does it happen in informal spaces
        
        Delegation to non partisan groups like bureaucracies