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Urban Issues and Challenges - Coggle Diagram

- - - - More economically developed
      - Most have already experienced urbanisation so rate of urbanisation is low
      - Many people in HICs leave urban areas for less crowded, rural areas
    - - Economic development increasing rapidly
      - Urban population ~50%
      - Rate of urbanisation ~2%
    - - Less economically developed
      - Only 30% live in urban areas
      - Most LICs have high rates of urbanisation - up to 6%
  - - - Push factors
        
        Natural disasters can damage property and farmland - which is costly
        
        Rural areas find it harder to recover as they have fewer resources
        
        Mechanised agricultural equipment needs fewer workers so fewer jobs
        
        Desertification makes land unproductive so people cannot support themselves
        
        farmers' income is unstable as it depends on good harvests
      - Pull factors
        
        There are more jobs in urban areas that are often better paid
        
        Access to better healthcare and educational opportunities
        
        Other family members might have already moved to an urban area
        
        People think they will have a better quality of life
      - The movement of people from the countryside to cities
    - - When the birth rate exceeds the death rate so the population grows
        
        young people move to cities and find work and have children, increasing the proportion of the population living in urban areas
        
        Access to better healthcare in urban areas also increases life expectancy, preventing decline in urban population
- - - - It has 5 major industrial districts with companies like Pepsi and Kia having large firms there - which creates jobs for the locals
      - Rio has a major port exporting mainly, coffee, sugar and iron ore
    - - Brazil's 2nd most important industrial city, producing 5% of Brazil's GNI
      - 2nd largest economy in Brazil behind Sao Paulo
    - - Contains two major international airports - which enables trade between countries
      - It's a global city due to its importance in the global economy as an industrial and financial centre
  - - - No taxes paid to contribute to development
        
        Schools of tomorrow programme. High quality teaching and education - creates jobs
    - - if people fall ill they have a higher likelihood of dying - which is amplified by the fact that the favelas allow diseases to spread quickly such as cholera
        
        Medical staff sent to Favelas and have given people medical kits - which could detect 20 different diseases - prevents likelihood of people dying
    - - Leads to lots of traffic and congestion - which generates a lot of air pollution from the nitrous oxides emitted from cars
        
        Contributes to climate change and causes 500 deaths in Rio
        
        Expansion of the metro system to the South Zone - increase the number of places people can go and reduces the need to travel by car.
        Metros carry more people and are much more ecofriendly
  - - - Rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
        97% of properties increased in value due to this project
      - Cable car was shut down in 2017 due to budget cuts (costed $64 million), which slowed down how fast people got to work and makes them more likely to run late for work - which can come out of their pay
      - Inequality still exists in Rio as employment is as high as 50% in the favelas whilst the average of the rest of the city is 17%
    - - Roads paved and formally named - which means their added to maps and enables easy access for emergency services and rubbish removal trucks
      - Police pacifying unit set up with 300 police offices to reduce crime and build ties with the local community
        Gangs have simply moved to another areas, making situations worse
      - Daycare centres set up for young children to allow parents to go to work
        40,000 daycare places for children <4
- - - - One of UK's greenest cities and has several large parks in the city centre.
        Southampton Common - over 300 acres of managed woodland
      - The city has a range of venues for theatre, music, art, and comedy, including: Mayflower Theatre and Southampton City Art Gallery
    - - Southampton airport can fly to 21 cities with non-stop flights - allows people to travel to the city and enables trade
      - Contains UK's number one cruise port with destinations all over the world - attracted 1.7 million tourists in 2016 and creates jobs for the locals
  - - - European migrants since 2000 have contributed +£20B to UK finances
        
        government makes more tax from people earning and spending money and this tax can be used to reinvest in the development on Southampton and improve services such as education, healthcare and transport
      - Polish culture on Shirley High Street - which means new cafes with new foods to try and supermarkets selling new types of food
        
        Expansion on Polish culture makes Polish migrants feel more welcomed and also creates community between the locals and migrants - which improves mental health
    - - High volumes of congestion and traffic on roads - which can make commutes and travel stressful
        
        makes people late to work - which can come out of their pay and increases volumes of green house gases produced which will contribute to climate change
      - 14000 people on the waiting list for social housing in Southampton
        
        means more houses need to be built so urban sprawl occurs - which involves deforestation and contributes to climate change
  - - - Population Increase - increased workforce so more money goes towards tax and developing the area
        
        more social life so less people feeling isolated
      - Development of a city centre - West Quay creates a safe space for socialising
        
        West Quay - 50 restaurants and 125 shops creates jobs so taxes and money for the city
      - Building and construction of green spaces e.g. St James Park
        
        reduces pollution and creates habitats
    - - Creates inequalities in education (e.g. 37% Bassett has a university degree whilst Bevois only has 25%
        
        Causes urban deprivation as less people with a uni degree means fewer people working and less people paying tax that can go into developing the area
      - Less demand for manufacturing products - which can lead to deindustrialisation (e.g. Pirelli Cable Factory) and people lose jobs and this creates brownfield sites DERELICTION
        
        Elderly and poorer people are forced to stay in the brownfield site and have to survive via crime and anti-social behaviour
        
        Wealthier people move out of a city but need a place to live so urban sprawl occurs where houses are built on greenfield sites (e.g. Horton Heath)
        
        involves deforestation so habitats are destroyed and green space is loss meaning stress increases and less CO2 is absorbed by trees
        
        Increases congestion in the rural-urban fringe and can lead to air pollution which results in 110 early deaths/year in Southampton
        
        Wealthier people also live in commuter settlements but only spend money in the areas they commute to (cities) rather than where they settle so people working in settlements receive less income so less tax and less development
  - - - Derelict and rundown buildings with exposed pipework
        
        Multi-storey car park with a capacity for 4000 cars
      - Anti-social behaviour and crime meant that people didn't come to the area
        
        £2.1M spent on independently owned businesses in the area to attract customers to the area
- - - - prevents water from being overused and wasted and allows more water to be conserved for longer periods of time - which means it will be able to meet the needs of the industries in the future
  - - - Renewable energy so it can be used for a long time and doesn't produce any CO2 like non-renewable energy sources would have
  - - - Reduces stress, absorbs CO2 and makes areas look prettier and attracts people