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PHYSICAL LAYER IN NETWORK ACCESS, CONSTRUCT NETWORK CABLING - Coggle…
PHYSICAL LAYER
IN
NETWORK ACCESS
Physical components
network interface cards (NICs)
cables and connectors
hubs, repeaters, and switches
physical layer standards organizations
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
TIA/EIA (Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronic Industries Alliance)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Encoding
processing turning data into a form dat can be sendin over network
Signaling
analog signal / digital signal
Bandwidth and bandwidth terminology
Bandwidth
-the capacity at which a medium can carry data
Bandwidth terminology
-latency the amount of time, including delays, for data to travel from one given point to another
-throughput
the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time
(factors dat influence it: amount of traffic/type of traffic/latency created by d num. of network devices encountered between source and destination)
-goodput
the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time
(formula:
goodput= throughput - traffic overhead(for establishin sessions, acknowledgments, encapsulation, n retransmitted bits)
CONSTRUCT NETWORK CABLING
characteristics of network cabling
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
structure
-twisted pairs of wires wrapped in a shield
purpose
-reduces electromagnetic interference (EMI) & crosstalk
use cases
-used in high-EMI environments, like factories / industrial settings
UTP connectors
-RJ-45 UTP plugs
-RJ-45 UTP socket
Types of UTP
-Ethernet Straight-through
both ends T568A or both ends T568B
-Ethernet Crossover
-Rollover (dis we didnt touch)
T568A (striped G, solid G, striped O, solid BL, striped BL, solid O, striped C, solid C) (held by Oren)
T568B (striped O, solid O, striped G, solid BL, striped BL, solid G, striped C, solid C) ( held by Green)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP cable)
structure
-twisted pairs of wires w/out additional shielding
purpose
-relies on wire twisting to minimize interference n maintain signal integrity
uses cases
-common in residential n office network due to affordability n ease of installation
Coaxial cable
structure
-central copper conductor, insulation, shielding(braid/foil), n outer protective jacket
purpose
-protects against signal loss n external interference for reliable data transmission
use cases
-traditionally used for cable TV, internet services, n older Ethernet networks
Fiber Optic Cable
structure
-thin strands of glass/plastic transmitting data as light signals
purpose
-immune to EMI, supports high bandwidth, and allows long-distance, high-speed communication
use cases
-ideal for backbone connections, ISPs, and enterprise-level high-speed networks
single-mode fiber
-very small core
multimode fiber
-larger core
advantages of fiber optic cable over UTP cable
higher bandwidth
longer transmission distance
immunity to EMI
enhanced security
better signal quality
resistance to environmental factors
lighter n thinner
future-proof technology