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Baltic Environment: Invasive species and Eutrophication - Coggle Diagram
Baltic Environment:
Invasive species and Eutrophication
An alien species intorduced to the baltic can thrive well
Low salinity protects from marine species. But harbors are usually in the estuaries = Brackish water
The food chains are simple
Number of established alien species in European seas
Costs of harms and prevention actions are estimated to be over 100 billion €
American comb jelly (amerikankampamaneetti)
Spread to most parts of the baltic
Tolerates 4-32 C, Salinity 3-39 psu
Coldness, low salinity and shortage of food reduces survival and fitness of the species in the baltic.
Marenzelleria sp. Maranzelleria viridis (Amerikansukasmato)
Spread effectively
Lives in the deep bottoms in soft sediments
But they are good for eelgras (meriajokas)
Tolerates low oxygen conditions
Rangiasimpukka (Rangia Cuneata), Round-ovalt, thick-shelled mussel
First time in Finland: Found in May 2021 nearby Loviisa
Breeding conditions: optimum salt concentration 6-10 and optimum temperature 18-29
Japaninkuuppaäyriäinen --> Found on the coast of Finland of kotka harbor in summer 2021
Seabed crustacean, size 0.5cm
Ecological consequences
Worldwide 69% alien species are introduced by shipping
Koukkuvesikirppu (fishook water flea)
Eutrophication - Rehevöityminen
Introduction
The enrichemtn of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate)
over-enrichment of a water body with nutrients, resulting in excessive growth of organisms and depletion of oxygen concentration
Cultural vs Natural eutrophication
as in human versus Natural eutrophication
Basically too much nutrients (N, P) enter the baltic
Sources of nutrients within the baltic sea catchment area
Where do the nutrients come from
Riverine runoff
Direct emissions
Atmospheric deposition
N2 fixation from the atmosphere
Limiting nutrient (minimiravinne) --> Most often N and P limit the algae growth
Phosphorus or Nitrogen. Does the limiting nutrient vary temporally and spatially
Key question: What is the limiting nutrient
In phytoplanktion organic matter, N:P is 16:1. this ratio is called the redfield value
Current way aims to reduce both nitrogen and phosphoru emissions in the coastal areas.
Nitrogen
75% is waterborne
25% is airborne
Phosphorus = Almost totally waterborne
Causes - Biogeochemical cycles & Internal loading
Nutrient rich
DIssolved organic matter from the watershed
Nitrogen cycling
Internal loading
In anoxic conditions: Phosphorus stored in the bottom sediments is released back to water.
NItrogen accumulates as ammonium (Lack of denitrification, nitrogen is released from sediments)
Sulphur affects also iron cycling
Site specific conditions
Gulf of Finland
Neva river = The biggest nutrient point source to the Gulf of Finland
Implications of the eutrophication
Main nutrient load comes from land
algal blooms in the baltic proper
algal blooms
Natural cycle (two main blooms in the northern parts
Areas suffering from low oxygen levels.
Oxygen depletion in the deep bottoms