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Cardiovascular System By: Alina Vargas - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
By: Alina Vargas
Major components and functions of Blood
Transport
Delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
Transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
Preventing blood loss
▪ Plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
Preventing infection
▪ Agents of immunity are carried in blood
Antibodies
Complement proteins
White blood cells
Regulation
• Regulation functions include:
Maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
ABO, Rh blood types
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of
RBCs
▪ Blood may contain preformed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
: Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells.
Waste Elimination
: Takes away carbon dioxide and waste products.
Blood Flow
: Maintains blood circulation to organs and tissues.
Temperature Control
: Aids in managing body temperature.
Immune Support
: Carries immune cells to combat infections.
Layers of the heart
Endocardium
Position: The inner layer of the heart.
Composition: A delicate, smooth tissue that covers the heart's chambers and valves.
Role: Minimizes friction during blood flow and ensures a steady circulation.
Myocardium
Position: The middle layer, which is the thickest part of the heart wall.
Composition: Made up of cardiac muscle tissue.
Role: Drives the heart's pumping action by contracting to move blood.
Epicardium
Position: The outer layer of the heart.
Composition: A thin layer of connective tissue, also called the visceral pericardium.
Role: Shields the heart, reduces friction, and contains blood vessels that provide nutrients to the heart muscle.
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Right Atrium
: Takes in deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cavae.
Right Ventricle:
Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygen.
Left Atrium:
Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
Left Ventricle:
Distributes oxygenated blood to the entire body through the aorta.
Tricuspid Valve
: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle, it stops blood from flowing back into the atrium.
Pulmonary Valve:
Found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, it prevents blood from returning to the ventricle.
Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)
: Positioned between the left atrium and left ventricle, it stops blood from flowing back into the atrium.
Aortic Valve
: Located between the left ventricle and the aorta, it prevents blood from going back into the ventricle.
Blood flow through the heart and body
Body → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs (Oxygenated)
Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Arteries- have strong, thick walls and a small opening, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart under high pressure.
Veins- have thinner walls and a larger opening, transporting oxygen-poor blood back to the heart at low pressure, with valves to stop blood from flowing backward.
Capillaries- are very thin and have tiny openings, enabling the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and body tissues.
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
AV Valves Open/Close: The atrioventricular (AV) valves, which include the tricuspid and mitral valves, open during diastole to let blood move from the atria to the ventricles. They shut during systole to stop blood from flowing backward.
Semilunar Valves Open/Close: The pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves open when the ventricles contract (systole) to let blood enter the pulmonary artery and aorta. They close during diastole to prevent any backflow into the ventricles.
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Aorta
: The biggest artery in the body, it carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary Artery:
Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygen.
Coronary Arteries
: Provide blood to the heart muscle.
Carotid Arteries
: Deliver blood to the head and neck.
Subclavian Arteries
: Supply blood to the arms and parts of the chest.
Brachial Artery:
The main artery in the upper arm, it supplies blood to the arm and hand.
Renal Arteries
: Deliver blood to the kidneys.
Femoral Arteries
: Supply blood to the legs.
Iliac Arteries
: Provide blood to the pelvis and legs.
Superior Vena Cava
: Carries oxygen-poor blood from the upper body (head, arms, etc.) to the right atrium.
Inferior Vena Cava
: Carries oxygen-poor blood from the lower body to the right atrium.
Pulmonary Veins
: Bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Jugular Veins
: Drain blood from the head and neck back to the superior vena cava.
Subclavian Veins
: Drain blood from the arms and return it to the superior vena cava.
Renal Veins
: Drain blood from the kidneys and return it to the inferior vena cava.
Femoral Veins
: Drain blood from the legs and return it to the inferior vena cava.
Iliac Veins
: Drain blood from the pelvis and legs back to the inferior vena cava.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure (BP): This measures how hard blood pushes against the walls of arteries, with normal levels being about 120/80 mmHg. Both high and low BP can signal health issues.
Pulse: This is the count of heartbeats in a minute, usually between 60-100 bpm for adults, and it shows how well the heart is working and reflects overall heart health.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
A condition where the blood pressure in the arteries remains consistently high.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A form of atherosclerosis that causes the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, to become narrow or blocked.
Arrhythmias (Irregular Heartbeats)
Unusual heart rhythms that happen when the heart's electrical signals are not working properly.