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Emmanuel Flores Period 5 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Emmanuel Flores
Period 5
Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
Components:
Plasma: Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Defend against infection.
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Aid in blood clotting.
Functions:
Transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
Regulation of body temperature, pH, and fluid balance.
Protection through clotting and immune defense.
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO System:
Type A: A antigens, anti-B antibodies.
Type B: B antigens, anti-A antibodies.
Type AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient).
Type O: No antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor).
Rh Factor:
Rh-positive (Rh+) has the Rh antigen.
Rh-negative (Rh–) lacks the Rh antigen.
Importance in pregnancy (Rh incompatibility).
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Transportation: Delivers oxygen and nutrients; removes waste.
Regulation: Maintains body temperature, fluid balance, and pH.
Protection: Defends against infection and blood loss.
Homeostasis: Maintains a stable internal environment through efficient blood circulation.
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Chambers:
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Valves:
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Aortic valve
Major Structures:
Septum
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Coronary Arteries: Supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
Pericardium: Protective sac surrounding the heart.
Heart Disorders:
Mitral Valve Prolapse: Improper closure of the mitral valve.
Treatment: Medications, valve repair surgery.
Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle.
Treatment: Medications, implantable devices, heart transplant.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Arteries:
Thick, muscular walls.
Carry blood away from the heart.
High pressure.
Veins:
Thin walls with valves.
Carry blood toward the heart.
Low pressure.
Capillaries:
One-cell-thick walls.
Site of gas and nutrient exchange.
Arterioles: Smaller branches of arteries.
Venules: Smaller branches of veins.
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac Cycle Phases:
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waves:
P wave: Atrial depolarization.
QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
Heart Sounds:
Lub: Closure of AV valves.
Dub: Closure of semilunar valves.
ECG Disorders:
Atrial Fibrillation: Irregular heart rhythm.
Treatment: Blood thinners, electrical cardioversion.
Ventricular Tachycardia: Fast heart rhythm originating from the ventricles.
Treatment: Anti-arrhythmic medications, defibrillation.
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Arteries:
Aorta
Pulmonary arteries
Coronary arteries
Carotid arteries
Femoral artery
Veins:
Superior and inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Jugular veins
Femoral vein
Blood flow through the heart and body
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
Blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries and lungs.
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins.
Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
Blood is pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation: Movement of blood between heart and lungs.
Systemic Circulation: Movement of blood between heart and body.
Layers of the heart
Epicardium: Outer layer, provides protection.
Myocardium: Thick, muscular middle layer responsible for contraction.
Endocardium: Smooth inner layer lining the chambers.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood Pressure (BP):
Systolic (pressure during heart contraction)
Diastolic (pressure during heart relaxation)
Normal range: ~120/80 mmHg
Pulse:
Heart rate (measured in beats per minute)
Normal range: 60-100 bpm
Additional Vital Signs:
Respiratory rate and oxygen saturation.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Hypertension: Chronic high blood pressure; increases heart strain.
Treatment: Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers.
Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in arteries.
Treatment: Statins, angioplasty, lifestyle changes.
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): Blockage of coronary arteries.
Treatment: Emergency angioplasty, thrombolytics, aspirin.
Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats.
Treatment: Anti-arrhythmic medications, pacemakers.
Heart Failure: Inability of the heart to pump effectively.
Treatment: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, lifestyle changes.
Stroke: Blockage or rupture of cerebral blood vessels.
Treatment: Clot-busting drugs (ischemic), surgical interventions.
Raynaud’s Disease: Exaggerated vasoconstriction in extremities.
Treatment: Vasodilators, calcium channel blockers.
Autonomic Dysreflexia: Dangerous blood pressure increase in spinal cord injury patients.
Treatment: Immediate blood pressure management, identifying triggers.
Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart lining.
Treatment: Antibiotics, surgery in severe cases.
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the limbs.
Treatment: Lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty.
Congenital Heart Defects: Structural abnormalities present at birth.
Treatment: Surgery, catheter-based procedures, medications.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Blood clot formation in deep veins.
Treatment: Anticoagulants, compression therapy.
Cardiac Arrest: Sudden loss of heart function.
Treatment: Immediate CPR and defibrillation.