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Cancer cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chemical : Asbestos
      - radiation : X ray , UV ray
      - Virus : Human Pappiloma virus ( HPV)
  - - - A single cell undergoes mutations in its proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes due to exposure to carcinogens.
    - - Accumulation of mutations in cell cycle control genes leads to further cell changes.
    - - Uncontrolled cell division occurs, forming a tumor.
    - - The tumor becomes malignant and can spread to other tissues.
        Leads to clinical cancer with primary tumor formation.
- - - - Resist normal tissue controls.
      - Divide more rapidly.
      - Become independent of external signals.
      - Evade apoptosis (programmed cell death).
      - Metastasize (spread to new sites in the body).
  - - - Accumulate mutations in genes that control cell proliferation.
      - Disrupt the balance between growth-promoting and growth-suppressing genes.
      - Mutations allow cancer cells to divide uncontrollably and avoid apoptosis.
    - - Growth is controlled by genes that promote cell division and suppress it when needed.
      - Apoptosis eliminates damaged cells.
  - - - Growth-promoting genes (Oncogenes)
        
        Example : Ras genes ( mutates ras causes escessice cell gowth)