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Public Health Surveillance and Data Source - Coggle Diagram
Public Health Surveillance and Data Source
Surveillance
Entire process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting data
Surveillance
Function
Promotion and safeguarding public health and disease control
Agencies
CDC
Responsible for surveillance of acute diseases and outbreak investigations
Conducts only upon request
Data from local/state government submitted to CDC
WHO
Concerned with international public health
Objective
Guide interventions
Provide rapid early warning information from clinics and laboratories
Principles
Collect, analyze, and disseminate information on a disease
Control the disease
Uses of surveillance data
Immediate detection
Epidemics
Newly emerging health problems
Changes in health practices
Changes in antibiotic resistance
Changes in distribution of population at risk for disease
Store information
Describing natural history of diseases
Facilitating epidemiologic and laboratory research
Validating use of preliminary data
Periodic dissemination
Estimating magnitude of a health problem, including cost
Assessing control activities
Monitoring changes in health practices
Documenting distribution and spread of disease and injury
Monitoring risk factors
Determining risk factors for disease
Methods of Surveillance
Passive
Records all cases of reportable disease that come to attention
Requires physicians, clinics, laboratories, and hospitals to report disease
Example
RHIS, HMIS
Active
More labor-extensive and costly
Done weekly via telephone calls, electronic contact, or personal visits
Example
Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus screening
Analysis of Surveillance Data
Analyzed by
Time
Represented by a graph or table
Place
Represented by a spot map
Person
Demographic profile of the individual
Units of Collection
Time or pattern
Secular or long-term trends
Changes over a long period of time
Seasonal variation
Factor in knowing route of spread
Recreational drowning occurs more frequently
Weekdays
Analysis of Surveillance Data
Case definition
Set of criteria used to determine if a person has a particular disease, syndrome, or condition
Determines if case should be included in reporting and investigation
Case classification
Suspect
Has signs and symptoms without being a confirmed or probable case
Probable
Has a clear clinical picture to a confirmed case
Confirmed
Has positive serologic/laboratory test
Data Source
Census
Most fundamental data for a population conducted periodically
Conducted every 10 years
Uses continuous registration (reporting) systems to collect data on number and characteristics of births and deaths
Vital statistics registration systems
Data for
Divorces
Marriages
Fetal deaths
Causes of death
Deaths
Birth
Individual (Census)
Methods
Questionnaire
Example
CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Survey
Example
Vital statistics & health data
Uses
Foodborne illness outbreak investigation
Environment
Methods
Samples from the environment
Example
Collection of water from area streams to check for chemical pollutants
Sensors for environmental changes
Example
Air-quality ratings
Health Care Providers
Role
Notifications to health department if cases of certain diseases are observed
Example
Reporting cases of meningitis to health department
National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS)
Requires institutions to report diseases
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
Analyzes acute and chronic illness trends in the US
Example
Yearly changes in acute and chronic illness and disability in the US
National Health & Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)
Assesses health and nutritional status of individuals
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
Tracks lifestyle factors related to health risks
Monitors
Exercise
Smoking
Obesity
Alcohol consumption
Non-Health-Related Sources (Financial, Legal)
Examples
Sales records
Example
Cigarette sales
Court records
Example
Intoxicated driver arrests
Epidemic Curve
Visual representation of time and trend of disease occurrence in a population and time period
Measures
Number of cases per unit time
Used during infectious disease
Record scope and duration of an epidemic
Determine source of infection
Identify modes of transmission or exposure
Gather information about incubation period of disease
Interpretation of Curve
X-axis
Time or date of onset of illness
Y-axis
Number of cases
Magnitude
Extent of the case or disease in the epidemic curve
Time trend
Pattern of time in the epidemic curve
Outlier
Observation of data widely different from the rest
First case early suspicion about one incubation period before the other cases
Potential source of outbreak
Kinds of Outbreak
Point source outbreak
Persons exposed to same common source over a brief period of time
Characterized by
Number of cases increases rapidly to a peak and falls gradually
Continuous common-source outbreak
Persons exposed to same source but exposure is prolonged over days, weeks, or longer
Characterized by
Epi curve rises gradually and might plateau
Propagated outbreak
No common source
Spreads from person-to-person
Caused by
Spread of pathogen from one susceptible person to another