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Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Stability - Coggle Diagram
Non-Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Stability
DC Error Sources and Output Range Limitations
Input-Offset Voltage
Definition: Nonzero DC voltage at the output due to input mismatches
Formula: Vos=Vo/A
Impact: Affects precision in amplifier circuits
Offset-Voltage Adjustment
Use of potentiometers to adjust Vos
Adjustment terminals in commercial op-amps
Input-Bias and Offset Currents
Definition: Small DC bias currents required for transistor operation
Components
IB1 and IB2 as bias currents
Ios=IB1−IB2 (Offset current)
Circuit Impact: Causes additional voltage errors
Output Voltage and Current Limits
Output limited by power supply levels
Voltage swing: (−VEE+1V)≤vO≤(VCC−2V)
Current limits based on load resistance and amplifier specifications
Common-Mode Rejection and Input Resistance
Finite Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Definition: Ratio of differential gain to common-mode gain
Formula: CMRR=∣A/Acm∣
Expressed in dB: CMRRdB=20log(∣A/Acm∣)
Why Is CMRR Important
Real-world applications: Eliminating noise in signal lines
Use in differential signaling to remove unwanted signals
Example: High-speed computer buses