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Yaretzi Torres Per. 5 Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Yaretzi Torres Per. 5 Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems (include BOTH)
Lymphatic System
Maintain fluid balance
Enhance the immune system or response
Houses lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
Immune System
Protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms
Produces the immune response
Provides resistance to disease
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active immunity: Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Passive immunity: Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens: Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Targets all of adaptive immune responses
Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body (nonself)
Antibodies: Also called Immunoglobulins (lgs) are proteins secreted by plasma cells
Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
Grouped into one of five Ig classes
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Haemophilus Influenza Type B
Causes and risk factors: Influenza bacteria, causes meningitis, causes pneumonia
Meningitis
Causes and risk factors: Bateria, parasite, cough/sneeze
Poliovirus (Poliomyelitis)
Causes and risk factors: Targets nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, caused by poliovirus, fecal oral-contact; poor handwashinf or consuming contaminated food
Humoral response and cellular response
Hummoral
Antibodies produced by lymphocytes (B cells), circulate freely in body fluids
Bind temporarily to target cell
Mark for destruction
Cellular immunity
Lymphocytes (T cells) act against target cell
Directly-by killing infected cells
Indirectly-by releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
Innate Defense:
Uses the first/second line of defense to stop attacks by pathogens (diease causing microorganisms):
First line of defense: External body membranes (skin and mucosae)
Second line of defense: Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
Adaptive defense:
Third line of dense attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to react than innate)
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Spleen:
Location: Left-hand side of the abdomen, between the 9th and 11th rib
Function:
Cleanses blood and removes defective RBC's
Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Thymus:
Location: Superior surface of the heart
Function:
Site of T-cell maturation
Programs the immune system to recognize "self"
Tonsils:
Location: Back of the throat (pharynx)
Function:
Composed of nodules that filter out germs
Activates immune response
Lymph nodes:
Location: Axial, cervical, inguinal nodes
Function: Cleanse lymph
Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Peyer's Patches:
Location: Found in ileum (distal part of small intestine)
Function:
Filters out germs
Activates immune response
Red bone Marrow:
Location: Central portions of flat bones, ribs, sternum, pevis and vertebrae
Function:
Acts as a major hoemopoietic tissue
Produces all the formed elements of blood, e.g.: RBC's, WBC's and platelets
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Passive humoral:
Naturally acquired: Antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artifcially acquired: Injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Active humoral:
Naturally acquired: Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired: Formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line:
Skin and mucous membranes provide a physical barrier to most microorganisms
Provide protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Ex: A pathogen enters the body through a cut on the skin or trapped through the nose by mucus produced in the nasal passages.
Second Line:
Necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues
Ex: A pathogen enters through a wound on the skin, triggering an inflammatory response where neutrophils arrive at the site to engulf and destroy the bacteria.
Third line - Eliminates specific pathogens that have been previously encountered by the immune system
Ex: Once a virus (pathogen)has been previously encountered, specific antibodies are produced to neutralize it
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Lymphocytes: Cell of the adaptive immune system; matures into two main types
B cells: Produce plasma cells, secretes antibodies
T cells: Manage immune response, and also attack and destroy infected cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells: Non phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
Phagocytes: White blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Neutrophils: Most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious materia
Macrophages: Chief phagocytic cells that trigger powerful inflammatory responses and recruit additional defenses
Dendritic cells: Phagocytize pathogens that enter tissues, then enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells in lymph node