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Module-2 Process Water Treatment and Recycling - Coggle Diagram
Module-2 Process Water Treatment and Recycling
Water as a utility for different industrial purposes
Chemical reactions – solvent
Energy production – to produce steam
Cooling – to prevent overheating
Manufacturing and processing
Cleaning and washing - to ensure hygienic work environment
Environmental control - to regulate humidity and temperature
Fire protection systems
types of water
Soft Water
Definition: Absence of Calcium & Magnesium salts
Contains: Sodium or Potassium salts
Characteristics: Lathers with soap easily
Hard Water
Definition: Presence of Calcium & Magnesium salts
├── Hardness: Prevents lathering of soap
├── Causes of Hardness
│ ├── Temporary Hardness
│ │ ├── Due to: Dissolved bicarbonates of Ca & Mg
│ │ ├── Removal: Boiling (forms insoluble carbonates/hydroxides)
│ └── Permanent Hardness
│ ├── Due to: Chlorides & Sulfates of Ca & Mg (or other heavy metals)
│ ├── Removal: Chemical processes (not boiling)
├── Disadvantages
│ ├── Domestic Uses
│ │ ├── Cooking: Increased boiling point, longer cooking time, scale buildup
│ │ ├── Drinking: Digestive issues, kidney/bladder stones (calcium oxalate)
│ │ └── Washing: Soap wastage, yellowish spots on clothes (iron stains)
│ └── Industrial Uses
│ ├── Textile Industry: Yarn adhesion, uneven dyeing, spots
│ ├── Paper Industry: Spoils finish, affects bleaching and thickness
│ ├── Sugar Industry: Difficult bleaching/crystallization, lower sweetness
│ ├── Chemical & Dyeing: Undesired compounds, affects product quality
│ └── Other Industries: Pharmaceuticals, photography, battery, acid, laundry
├── Measurement of Hardness
│ ├── Units: ppm, mg/L, Clarke degrees, French degrees
│ └── Equivalent: CaCO3
└── Requisites for Industrial Use
├── Textile: Clear, bright, soft, low salt content
├── Dyeing: Free from iron, color, turbidity, low salt content
├── Paper: Free from color, sediment, Fe & Mn
├── Photo Film: Colorless, free from suspended matter & metals
├── Tanning: Free from iron
└── Steam Generation: Free from sediment, suspended matter, Ca & Mg salts