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An introduction to learning theories, (Implications for pedagogy,…
An introduction to learning theories
Behaviourist theories focus on stimuli and responses
Cognitive theories focus on processing and organising new information mentally
Learning
Is an active process
Occurs through processing information, making connections with prior knowledge
Is influenced by internal and external factors
Learners reorganise their understanding of the world in response to new information
New knowledge is stored in memory
Theorists
Key theorist is Jean Piaget
Implications for pedagogy
Building new learning on sound foundations
Reducing cognitive load
Learning linked to real world examples
Techniques for retaining information and retrieving it from memory
Constructivist theories focus on constructing knowledge by adapting prior understanding in response to new information
Learning
Is an active process
Is constructed based on prior knowledge and experience
Is a social activity that involves interaction with others and the environment
Is personal - pupils might learn different things from the same input because their interpretations differ
Types of constructivism
Social constructivism (Vygotsky)
Children lean through collaborative dialogues with MKOs
Zone of Proximal Development
Social interaction is key to cognitive development
Cognitive constructivism (Piaget)
Learning depends on the stage of cognitive development
Teacher's guide pupils through the cognitive stages
Knowledge constructed actively based on existing cognitive structures
Implications for pedagogy
Pupils actively engaged in learning
Teacher as guide or catalyst to cognitive development
Spiral curriculum (Bruner)
Importance of language to learning across the curriculum
Scaffolding
Age-appropriate curriculum
Peer-to-peer learning
Social theories focus on learning in a social context
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
Interconnected environmental systems
Social Learning theory (SLT)
Considers how environmental and cognitive factors affect learning and behaviour
Proposed by Bandura
Emphasises the importance of observational learning
Implications for practice
Removing barriers to learning
Ensuring pupils are active in school, academically and socially, learning alongside their peers
Understanding challenges pupils might face that affect their learning
Establishing and maintaining good relationships between home and school
Cognitive science
Used increasingly to inform education practice
Applications include motivation and reward, working and long-term memory, and cognitive load
Drawn from cognitive psychology and neuroscience
EEF has reviewed evidence for a range of teaching approaches based on cognitive science
Implications for pedagogy
Behaviour management
Motivating pupils
Establishing routines
Giving feedback
Teaching new skills
Theorists
John B. Watson - upbringing and experiences shape behaviour and personality
B.F.Skinner - positive reinforcement and punishment
Pavlov - Pavlov's dogs experiment
Knowledge
Learner interacts with the knowledge provided
Must be provided for the learner
Exists outside the learner and is independent of them