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An introduction to learning theories, (Implications for pedagogy,…
An introduction to learning theories
Behaviourist theories focus on stimuli and responses
Cognitive theories - learning happens in the mind when information is processed and organised
Learning
Is an active process
Occurs through processing information, making connections with prior knowledge
Is influenced by internal and external factors
Learners reorganise their understanding of the world in response to new information
New knowledge is stored in memory
Theorists
Key theorist is Jean Piaget
Implications for pedagogy
Building new learning on sound foundations
Reducing cognitive load
Learning linked to real world examples
Techniques for retaining information and retrieving it from memory
Constructivist theories - learning is constructed by adapting prior understanding in response to new information
Learning
Is an active process
New knowledge is constructed based on prior knowledge and experience
Is a social activity that involves interaction with others and the environment
Is personal to each learner - pupils might learn different things from the same input because their interpretations differ
Types of constructivism
Social constructivism (Vygotsky)
Social interaction is key to cognitive development
Children lean through collaborative dialogues with MKOs
Cognitive constructivism (Piaget)
Learning depends on the stage of cognitive development
Teacher's guide pupils through the cognitive stages
Knowledge constructed actively based on existing cognitive structures
Pupils actively engaged in learning
Teacher as guide or catalyst to cognitive development
Spiral curriculum (Bruner)
Importance of language to learning across the curriculumlanguage
Scaffolding
Age-appropriate curriculum
Peer-to-peer learning
Social theories - learning takes place in a social context
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
Interconnected environmental systems
Social Learning theory (SLT
Considers how environmental and cognitive factors affect learning and behaviour
Proposed by Bandura
Emphasises the importance of observational learning
Implications for practice
Removing barriers to learning
Ensuring pupils are active in school - academically and socially - learning alongside their peers
Understanding challenges pupils might face that affect their learning
Establishing and maintaining good relationships between home and school
Cognitive science
Used increasingly to inform educational practice
Applications include motivation and reward, working and long-term memory, and cognitive load
Drawn from cognitive psychology and neuroscience
EEF has reviewed evidence for a range of teaching approaches based on cognitive science
Implications for pedagogy
Teaching new skills
Giving Feedback
Establishing routines
Motivating pupils
Behaviour management
Theorists
Pavlov - Pavlov's dogs experiment
B.F.Skinner - positive reinforcement and punishment
John B. Watson - In humans, upbringing and experiences are important factors
Knowledge
Exists outside the learner
Must be provided for the learner