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Life, MO theory competes with RNA world theory, ALL processes require…

- - - - was found to need reducing power
        
        (means the movement of e- produces faster energy)
        
        NADH:
        
        e- carrier
        
        oxi-red
        
        causes proton motive force
        
        nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
        
        ATP:
        
        light-driven e- flow
        
        has phosphoanyhydride bonds that help restore energy
    - - - H bacteria
      - Fe bacteria
      - Colorless S bacteia
      - Nitrate/Nitrite bacteria
  - - - Know alpha and beta glucose structures
        
        multiple alpha glucose molecules make STARCH
        
        Amylose starch
        
        alpha 1-4 bonds (side by side)
        
        Amylopectin starch
        
        alpha 1-6 bond
  - - - FAD makes vitamin B2
  - - - pyruvate --> acetaldehyde --> ethanol
    - - pyruvate ---> lactate
  - - - originated after chemosynthesis
      - limited by temperature (74C)
      - stromatolites are layers of photosynthetic bacteria/cyanobacteria thar are important for understanding origins
        
        cyanobacteria are the OLDEST KNOWN BACTERIA. closest to LUCA #
        
        2-methylhopane was found in cell walls of stromatolites
      - most plentiful: Iron, Ammonium, and Methane
      - least plentiful: oxygen
    - - chloroplasts
      - elioplasts
        
        become chloroplasts
      - leucoplasts
        
        colorless
        
        used for monoterpene synthesis
      - amyloplasts
        
        starch storage
      - elaioplasts
        
        fat storage
      - proteinoplasts
        
        protein modification & storage
    - - started as sunscreen because there was no ozone layer (no oxygen)
      - Instead, cyanobacteria used Scytonemin in their sheath to protect themselves from UV
        
        chlorophyll a and hemoglobin appear similar to scytonemin bc of their structure
        
        Absorption Spectrum
        
        chlorphyll a = 430 & 660nm
        
        a has a methyl
        
        chlorophyll b= 450 & 650nm
        
        b has a CHO
        
        photosynthesis is most limited at 550nm
        
        PS1= 660nm (from chlorophyll A)
        
        PS1 has a p700 reaction center
        
        PS2= 640nm (from chlorphyll B)
        
        PS2 has a p680 reaction center
        
        Action spectrum
        
        shows that accessory pigments are apart of spectrum as well
        
        Carotenoids & B-carotene
    - - "light-dependent reactions"
      - undergoes photolysis
        
        light splitting water at PS2
        
        oxygen is diffused out of stomata
        
        protons are released and stay behind
      - has a proton pump
        
        PC and cyt b6f
        
        both work together to pump protons from stroma into lumen
        
        used in cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation
    - - "light-independent reactions"
      - "calvin-benson-bussham pathway"
      - undergoes carbon fixation (CO2--> Carbon)
      - has 3 major steps:
        
        1) Fixation/Carboxylation
        
        RuBp, CO2, and H2O join to make RuBisCo
        
        However, when CO2 levels are low, Photorespiration occurs by using O2 instead
        
        By using O2:
        
        only half of the normal amount of PGAL is made
        
        one extra ATP is used
        
        toxic ammonium is made
        
        really only advantageous in dry or high salinity environments
        
        RuBisSco splits into (2) C3
        
        2) Reduction
        
        (2) C3 use up 1 ATP and 1 NADPH
        
        the result is (2) C3 G3P/PGAL
        
        3) Regeneration
        
        (2) PGAL are used to make glucose (C6H12O6)
        
        PGALS then join the PGAL pool
        
        (5) PGAL are used to make RuBP again
        
        C9 splits into C5 and C4
        
        C5 uses 1 ATP to be RuBP
        
        C4 joins with (2) C3 to make C10
        
        C10 splits into (2) C5 and both use 1 ATP to make RuBP
        
        3 join to make C9
    - - Clyclic
        
        After PS1, electron returns back to PQ
      - Noncyclic
        
        After PS1, electron travels through FD an FNR
        
        electron is finally accepted by NADP to reduce into NADPH
        
        protons from reduction are used to pump through ATP synthase for proton motive force
        
        thus, NADPH is the final electron acceptor
    - - C3
        
        outcompetes when water is high and temperatuer is mild
        
        less energy is needed out of all three
        
        more water is needed out of all three
        
        CO2 is fixed with RuBisCo, not PC like the other two
        
        more net gain out of all three
      - C4
        
        only in herbaceous plamts (not trees)
        
        corn, sugar, crab grass
        
        in dry, high temp places
        
        in low CO2 areas
        
        (when C3 needs backup)
        
        In Monocotyldeons, 418 genera present
        
        In Dicotyledons, 86 genera present
        
        C4 Photosynthesis
        
        occurs in the bundle sheaths
        
        bulk does NOT happen within mesophyll cells
        
        utilizes Carbonic Anhydrase and PEP Carboxylase
        
        CA makes bicarbonate from water and CO2
        
        PC combines PEP to bicarbonate to make oxaloacetate
        
        **remember oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA to make citrate (C6)
        
        evolved the most recently, likely from water selective pressure
        
        know
      - CAM
        
        more numerous than C4
        
        jade, pineapple, cacti, agave, orchids, etc
        
        closed in the day, open in the night
        
        because of this less water is lost
        
        at night oxaloacetate is made
        
        at night malate is stored
        
        in the day malate is then decarboxlyated (releases CO2) to be used for RuBisCo
        
        some CAM plants can even use C3 in the day
        
        high temp/light
        
        arid conditions (less CO2)
        
        when CO2 is low, leaf thickness and torturous routes help benefit them (eg. agave)
        
        know
  - - - NADH has more of an impact then FADH
      - OXYGEN IS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
    - - used as a battery for ATP synthase
      - ATP synthase then pumps protons into matrix
      - complexes 1, 3 , and 4 pump protons AGAINST gradient, into the IMS
- - - - started through punctuated equilibrium
        
        appears suddenly because:
        
        intermediate forms did not fossilize
        
        there were few fossils (limited distribution)
        
        NOT gradual
  - - - a nested design that showed taxonomic groupings and gives evidence of photosynthesis through isotopes
        
        Carbon Isotopes (isotopic signature)
        
        have the same # of protons
        
        have a different # of neutrons
        
        there are 3 main types:
        
        C12
        
        6 protons 6 neutrons
        
        enriched in all living organisms
        
        C13
        
        6 protons 7 neutrons
        
        discriminated by photosynthesis
        
        C14
        
        degrades fast
        
        radioactive
        
        6 protons 8 neutrons
        
        the EARLIEST evidence of photosynthesis
        
        3.5 BYA
        
        LUCA
        
        formed as a bubble
        
        bubbe contained necessary molecules and eventually dvided
        
        Organelle Devlopement
        
        4 more items...
        
        Endosymbiotic Theory
        
        evidence included dry/wet cycles & lipid formation instead of energy used
        
        showed microbial mats
        
        showed cyanobacteria
        
        stromatolite structure
- - - - Miller-Urey experiment proved this
        
        amino acids were formed from a reduced atmosphere/ absence of oxygen
    - - DNA = storage
      - RNA = messenger
        
        RNA and Ribosimes are simple enough to form physically then become independent
        
        possibly formed from PNA and replaced it
        
        RNA world theory #
        
        RNA came before DNA & protein
        
        With time, DNA formed for more stability
        
        Proteins then took over functions ribosomes may have been doing
        
        RNA catalyzes its own replication
        
        RNA is info rich
      - Ribosomes = all the above + acts on molecules